Emona datex руководство том 2

5 — Amplitude modulation (AM)………………………………………………………………….. (AM)………………………………………………………………….. Expt 5 — 1 6 — Double Sideband (DSBSC) modulation………………………………………………… modulat ion………………………………………………… Expt 6 — 1 7 — Observations of AM and DSBSC DSBSC signals in the frequency frequency domain domain ….. Expt 7 — 1 8 — AM demodulation …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………….. Expt 8 — 1 9 — Double Sideband DSBSC demodulation….. demodulation ………. ………. ……….. ………… ……….. ……….. ………… ………… ……….. ….. Expt 9 — 1 10 — Single Sideband (SSB) modulation & demodulation demodulation…… ……….. ………. ………. ………. ………. ….. Expt 10 — 1 11 — Frequency Frequency Modulation (FM) ……….. …………….. ………… ………… ………… ………… ……….. ……….. ………… ………… ………… ……….. ….. Expt 11 — 1 12 — FM demodulation…………………………………………. demodulat ion………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………. ……….. Expt 12 — 1 13 — Sampling & reconstruction ………… ……………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ……….. ……….. ………… ………… ………… ……….. ….. Expt 13 — 1 14 — PCM encoding ………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………….. Expt 14 — 1 15 — PCM decoding ………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………….. Expt 15 — 1 16 — Bandwidth limiting and restoring digital signals……….. signals……………. ………. ………. ……….. ……….. ….. Expt 16 — 1 17 — Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) ………. ……………. ………… ……….. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ……….. ………… ……….. ….. Expt 17 — 1 18 — Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)………………………… (FSK) ……………………………………………………….. …………………………………. ….. Expt 18 — 1 19 — Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)……………………………………………………… Expt 19 — 1 20 — Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) ………. ……………. ………… ……….. ……….. ………… ………… ……….. ….. Expt 20 — 1 21 — Spread Spectrum — DSSS modulation & demodulation demodulation ………. …………… ………. ……… …. Expt 21 — 1 22 — Undersampling Undersampling in Software Defined Radio…………… Radio……………….. ………. ………. ………. ……….. ……….. ….. Expt 22 — 1

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Experiment 4 – Using the Emona DATEx to model equations Preliminary discussion This may surprise you, but mathematics is an important part of electronics and this is especially true for communications and telecommunications. As you’ll learn, the output of all communications systems can be described mathematically with an equation. Although the math that you’ll need for this manual is relatively light, there is some. Helpfully, the Emona DATEx can model communications equations to bring them to life.

The experiment This experiment will introduce you to modelling equations by using the Emona DATEx to implement two relatively simple equations. It should take you about 40 minutes to complete this experiment.

Equipment 

Personal computer with appropriate software installed



NI ELVIS II plus USB cable and power pack



Emona DATEx experimental add-in module



Two BNC to 2mm banana-plug leads



Assorted 2mm banana-plug patch leads

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© Emona Instruments

Experiment 4 – Using the DATEx to model equations

Something you need to know for the experiment This box contains the definition for an electrical term used in this experiment. Although you’ve probably seen it before, it’s worth taking a minute to read it to check  your understanding. When two signals are 180° out of phase, they’re out of step by half a cycle. This is shown in Figure 1 below. As you can see, the two signals are always travelling in opposite directions. That is, as one goes up, the other goes down (and vice versa).

Figure 1

Experiment 4 – Using the DATEx to model equations

© Emona Instruments

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Procedure In this part of the experiment, you’re going to use the Adder module to add two electrical signals together. Mathematically, you’ll be implementing the equation:

Adder module output = Signal A + Signal B

1.

Ensure that the NI ELVIS II power switch at the back of the unit is off.

2.

Carefully plug the Emona DATEx experimental add-in module into the NI ELVIS II.

3.

Set the Control Mode  switch on the DATEx module (top right corner) to PC Control .

4.

Connect the NI ELVIS II to the PC using the USB cable. Note: This may already have been done for you.

5.

Turn on the NI ELVIS II power switch at the rear of the unit then turn on its Prototyping Board Power  switch at the top right corner near the power indicator.

6.

Turn on the PC and let it boot-up.

7.

Launch the NI ELVISmx software.

Ask the instructor to check  your work before continuing.

8.

Launch and run the NI ELVIS II Oscilloscope virtual instrument (VI).

9.

Set up the scope per the procedure in Experiment 1 (page 1-12) ensuring that the Trigger Source  control is set to CH 0 .

10.

Launch the DATEx soft front-panel (SFP).

11.

Check you now have soft control over the DATEx by activating the PCM Encoder module’s soft PDM/TDM  control on the DATEx SFP. Note: If you’re set-up is working correctly, the PCM Decoder module’s LED on the DATEx board should turn on and off.

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© Emona Instruments

Experiment 4 – Using the DATEx to model equations

12.

Locate the Adder module on the DATEx SFP and set its soft G  and g  controls to about the middle of their travel.

13.

Connect the set-up shown in Figure 2 below. Note: Although not shown, insert the black plugs of the oscilloscope leads into a ground (GND ) socket.

SCOPE 10VDC 7Vrms ma x

MASTER SIGNALS

CH 0

ADDER

CH 1

100kHz SINE G

100kHz COS A

100kHz DIGITAL 8kHz DIGITAL 2kHz DIGITAL

g

2kHz SINE B

GA+gB

Figure 2

This set-up can be represented by the block diagram in Figure 3 below.

A er module

Master Signals A

Output To CH 1

2kHz B

To CH 0 Figure 3

Experiment 4 – Using the DATEx to model equations

© Emona Instruments

4-5

14.

Adjust the scope’s Timebase  control to view two or so cycles of the Master Signals module’s 2kHz SINE  output.

15.

Measure the amplitude (peak-to-peak) of the Master Signals module’s 2kHz SINE  output. Record your measurement in Table 1 on the next page.

16.

Disconnect the lead to the Adder module’s B  input.

17.

Activate the scope’s Channel 1 input by checking the Channel 1 Enabled  box to observe the Adder module’s output as well as its input.

18.

Adjust the Adder module’s soft G  control until its output voltage is the same size as its input voltage (measured in Step 15). Note 1: This makes the gain for the Adder module’s A  input -1. Note 2: Remember that you can use the keyboard’s TAB  and arrow keys for fine adjustment of the DATEx SFP’s controls.

19.

Reconnect the lead to the Adder module’s B  input.

20.

Disconnect the lead to the Adder module’s A  input.

21.

Adjust the Adder module’s soft g  control until its output voltage is the same size as its input voltage (measured in Step 15). Note: This makes the gain for the Adder module’s B  input -1 and means that the Adder module’s two inputs should have the same gain.

22.

Reconnect the lead to the Adder module’s A  input.

The set-up shown in Figures 3 and 4 is now ready to implement the equation:

Adder module output = Signal A + Signal B

Notice though that the Adder module’s two inputs are the same signal: a 4Vp-p 2kHz sinewave. So, for these inputs the equation becomes:

Adder module output = 4Vp-p (2kHz sine) + 4Vp-p (2kHz sine)

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© Emona Instruments

Experiment 4 – Using the DATEx to model equations

When the equation is solved, we get:

Adder module output = 8Vp-p (2kHz sine)

Let’s see if this is what happens in practice.

23.

Measure and record the amplitude of the Adder module’s output.

Table 1

Input voltage

Output voltage

Question 1 Is the Adder module’s measured output voltage exactly 8Vp-p as theoretically predicted? No.

Question 2 What are two reasons for this? 1) Loading (that is, the Adder’s input is not exactly 4Vp-p) 2) The gains aren’t exactly -1.

Ask the instructor to check  your work before continuing.

Experiment 4 – Using the DATEx to model equations

© Emona Instruments

4-7

In the next part of the experiment, you’re going to add two electrical signals together but one of them will be phase shifted. Mathematically, you’ll be implementing the equation:

Adder module output = Signal A + Signal B (with phase shift)

24.

Locate the Phase Shifter module on the DATEx SFP and set its soft Phase Change  control to the 0°  position.

25.

Set the Phase Shifter module’s soft Phase Adjust  control about the middle of its travel.

26.

Connect the set-up shown in Figure 4 below. Note: Insert the black plugs of the oscilloscope leads into a ground (GND ) socket.

SCOPE 10VDC 7Vrms ma x

CH 0

MASTER SIGNALS

PHASE SHIFTER

CH 1

ADDER

LO

100kHz SINE

PHASE

100kHz COS

0

G

O

A

100kHz DIGITAL 180

8kHz DIGITAL

O

2kHz DIGITAL IN

2kHz SINE

OUT

g B

GA+gB

Figure 4

This set-up can be represented by the block diagram in Figure 5 on the next page.

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© Emona Instruments

Experiment 4 – Using the DATEx to model equations

To CH 1

Phase Shifter 2kHz

O

B Output A To CH 0 Figure 5

The set-up shown in Figures 4 and 5 is now ready to implement the equation:

Adder module output = Signal A + Signal B (with phase shift)

The Adder module’s two inputs are still the same signal: a 4Vp-p 2kHz sinewave. So, with values the equation is:

Adder module output = 4Vp-p (2kHz sine) + 4Vp-p (2kHz sine with phase shift)

As the two signals have the same amplitude and frequency, if the phase shift is exactly 180° then their voltages at any point in the waveform is always exactly opposite. That is, when one sinewave is +1V, the other is -1V. When one is +3.75V, the other is -3.75V and so on. This means that, when the equation above is solved, we get:

Adder module output = 0Vp-p

Let’s see if this is what happens in practice.

Experiment 4 – Using the DATEx to model equations

© Emona Instruments

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27.

Adjust the Phase Shifter module’s soft Phase Adjust  control until its input and output signals look like they’re about 180° out of phase with each other.

28.

Disconnect the scope’s Channel 1 lead from the Phase Shifter module’s output and connect it to the Adder module’s output.

29.

Adjust Channel 1’s Scale  control to resize the signal on the display.

30.

Measure the amplitude of the Adder module’s output. Record your measurement in Table 2 below.

Table 2

Output voltage

Question 3 What are two reasons for the output not being 0V as theoretically predicted? 1) The phase difference between the Adder’s two inputs is not exactly 180°; and 2) The gains aren’t exactly the same.

Ask the instructor to check  your work before continuing.

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© Emona Instruments

Experiment 4 – Using the DATEx to model equations

The following procedure can be used to adjust the Adder and Phase Shifter modules so that the set-up has a null  output. That is, an output that is close to zero volts.

31.

Use the keyboard’s TAB  and arrow keys to vary the Phase Shifter module’s soft Phase Adjust  control left and right a little and observe the effect on the Adder module’s output.

32.

Use the keyboard to make the necessary fine adjustments to the Phase Shifter module’s soft Phase Adjust  control to obtain the smallest output voltage from the Adder module.

Question 5 What can be said about the phase shift between the signals on the Adder module’s two inputs now? The phase shift is much closer to 180° (but it’s probably still not exactly 180°)

33.

Use the keyboard to vary the Adder module’s soft g  control left and right a little and observe the effect on the Adder module’s output.

34.

Use the keyboard to make the necessary fine adjustments to the Adder module’s soft g  control to obtain the smallest output voltage.

Question 6 What can be said about the gain of the Adder module’s two inputs now? They’re much closer to each other (but they’re still probably not exactly the same)

You’ll probably find that you’ll not be able to null the Adder module’s output completely. Unfortunately, real systems are never perfect and so they don’t behave exactly according to theory. As such, it’s important for you to learn to recognise these limitations, understand their origins and quantify them where necessary.

Ask the instructor to check  your work before finishing.

Experiment 4 – Using the DATEx to model equations

© Emona Instruments

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© Emona Instruments

Experiment 4 – Using the DATEx to model equations

Emona DATEx VOLUME 2 Contents 

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………….. i — iv 1 — AM (method 2) and product detection of AM signals……………………….. Expt 1 — 1 2 — Noise in AM communications………………………………………………………………… Expt 2 — 1 3 — PCM and time division multiplexing (TDM) …………………………………………. Expt 3 — 1 4 — An introduction to Armstrong’s modulator ………………………………………… Expt 4 — 1 5 — Phase division modulation and demodulation ………………………………………. Expt 5 — 1 6 — Pulse-width modulation and demodulation………………………………………….. Expt 6 — 1 7 — Message translation and inversion ………………………………………………………. Expt 7 — 1 8 — Carrier acquisition using the phase-locked loop ………………………………… Expt 8 — 1 9 — Signal-to-noise ratio and eye diagrams………………………………………………. Expt 9 — 1 10 — Pulse code modulation and signal-to-noise distortion ratio (SNDR) Expt 10 — 1 11 — ASK demodulation using product detection………………………………………. Expt 11 — 1 12 — FSK generation (switching method) and demodulation……………………. Expt 12 — 1 13 — Principles of Gaussian FSK (GFSK) ……………………………………………………. Expt 13 — 1 14 — PN sequence spectra and noise generation

….Expt 14 — 1 15 — Line coding and bit-clock regeneration …………………………………………….. Expt 15 – 1 16 — Delta modulation and demodulation …………………………………………………… Expt 16 — 1 17 – Delta-sigma modulation and demodulation………………………………………… Expt 17 – 1 18 – FM Generation using the harmonic multiplier method…………………….. Expt 18 — 1

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Experiment 14 – PN sequence spectra and noise generation Preliminary discussion Pseudo-noise sequences (or just PN sequences) are very useful signals in communications and telecommunications, especially for implementing modulation schemes such as DSSS and CDMA (among others). They can also be used to generate noise for experimental purposes when modelling real world communications systems. But what exactly is a PN sequence?

To understand the answer to this question, you must return to the spectral composition of pulse trains. Recall that a pulse train is made up of a theoretically infinite number of sinewaves – the fundamental and its harmonics. Recall also that the frequency and amplitude of a pulse train’s sinusoidal components affects its frequency and mark-space ratio (or duty cycle). Despite this, the spectral composition of all pulse trains follows the pattern of the (truncated) Sinc Function  shown in Figure 1 below. 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1

2

3

4

-0.2 -0.4

Figure 1

Figure 2 below illustrates this with an example of a 1kHz squarewave (a pulse train with a mark-space ratio of 1:1 or a duty cycle 50%). This is a spectrum that would be familiar to you.

500µs

1 0.8

1kHz (1:1)

0.6

1ms

0.4 0.2 0

3kHz

7kHz and so on…

1kHz

5kHz

-0.2 -0.4

Figure 2

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© Emona Instruments

Experiment 14 – PN sequence spectra & noise generation

Figure 3 below shows the spectral composition of a 1kHz pulse train pulse having a mark-space ratio of 1:3 (or a duty cycle 25%). Notice that it too follows the pattern of the Sinc Function. 250µs 1 0.8

1kHz (1:3)

0.6

1ms

0.4 0.2 0

5kHz 6k 7 kHz 1kHz 2k 3kHz

9kHz and so on…

-0.2 -0.4

Figure 3

The examples in Figures 2 and 3 are instructive. Together, they show us that some harmonics of the pulse trains have an amplitude of zero (or are “nulled”) and this is true of all pulse trains. Second, a comparison of Figures 2 and 3 shows us that, as the pulse train’s mark-space ratio decreases, the number of significant harmonics that make it up increases. Or, put another way, as the mark-space ratio decreases, the number of harmonics that are present in each of the Sinc Function’s lobes increases. Now, suppose a sequence generator continuously outputs the sequential 4-bit binary number 1000 with each bit being 250µs wide (requiring a bit-clock of 4kHz). In the time domain, the resulting digital data signal is identical to the pulse train in Figure 3. This means that the sequence’s spectral composition must be identical to the spectrum in Figure 3 also. This fact has a couple of important implications. First, we can establish a general rule for determining the nulled harmonics in repeated sequential binary number sequences. They correspond with whole number multiples of the digital signal’s bit-clock (that is, fbit, 2fbit, 3fbit and so on). In the case of our repeated sequential 4-bit binary number 1000 generated using a 4kHz bit-clock, the nulls occur at 4kHz, 8kHz, 12kHz and so on to infinity (theoretically). Second, if the sequence generator’s continuously repeated output is changed to the 5-bit binary number sequence 10000, the mark-space ratio of the resulting digital data signal decreases and so more harmonics are present between the nulls. Importantly though, if a 4kHz bit-clock is used to generate the 5-bit sequence, the nulls occur at the same frequencies as our example in Figure 3. So, with the nulls occurring at the same frequencies but with more harmonics between them, the spectral composition of the 5-bit sequence must be richer than that of its 4-bit counterpart. This gives us a second general rule. The greater the number of bits in a repeated sequence for a given bit-clock, the greater the sequence’s spectral composition (though this doesn’t apply to PN sequences with internally repeated sequences like 101010… and 11001100…).

Experiment 14 – PN sequence spectra & noise generation

© Emona Instruments

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Using the Sinc Function to analyse the spectral composition of several binary number sequences like 1000, 10000, 100000 and so on would quickly show that the number of harmonics in each lobe is the same number as the sequence’s length (though the last one is nulled). Finally, we can now return to the question of what is a pseudo-noise sequence. If the length of certain binary number sequences is long enough, their spectral composition becomes so dense that it can be used to model bandwidth limited white noise. That said, there would still be a repetitive element to the “noise signal” and so they’re called pseudo (or “apparent”) noise sequences.

The experiment For this experiment you’ll use the Emona DATEx to consider a 31-bit and 255-bit binary number sequence in the time domain. You’ll then look at the data signals’ spectra in the frequency domain to confirm their spectral composition. Finally, you’ll use the sequences to generate electrical noise and compare their effectiveness.

It should take you about 50 minutes to complete this experiment.

Pre-requisites: Experiments 1, 2 & 3 (Vol. 1): Intros to the NI ELVIS II, the Emona DATEx and SFP control

Equipment 

Personal computer with appropriate software installed



NI ELVIS II plus USB cable and power pack



Emona DATEx experimental add-in module



Three BNC to 2mm banana-plug leads



Assorted 2mm banana-plug patch leads

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© Emona Instruments

Experiment 14 – PN sequence spectra & noise generation

Procedure Part A – Observations of PN sequences in the time domain The next part of this experiment gets you to set up a 31-bit and a 255-bit binary number sequence and consider them in the time domain as preparation for looking at their spectra.

1.

Ensure that the NI ELVIS II power switch at the back of the unit is off.

2.

Carefully plug the Emona DATEx experimental add-in module into the NI ELVIS II.

3.

Set the Control Mode  switch on the DATEx module (top right corner) to PC Control .

4.

Connect the NI ELVIS II to the PC using the USB cable. Note: This may already have been done for you.

5.

Turn on the NI ELVIS II power switch at the rear of the unit then turn on its Prototyping Board Power  switch at the top right corner near the power indicator.

6.

Turn on the PC and let it boot-up.

7.

Launch the NI ELVISmx software.

8.

Connect the set-up shown in Figure 4 below. Note: Insert the black plugs of the oscilloscope leads into a ground (GND ) socket.

MASTER SIGNALS

SEQUENCE GENERATOR LINE CODE O

FGEN TRIG 5V TTL

1 OONRZ-L SYNC O1 Bi-O 1O RZ-AMI 11 NRZ-M 100kHz SINE

CH 0

X

100kHz COS

SCOPE 10VDC 7Vrms ma x

Y CLK

100kHz DIGITAL

SPEECH

CH 1

8kHz DIGITAL 2kHz DIGITAL GND 2kHz SINE GND

Figure 4

Experiment 14 – PN sequence spectra & noise generation

© Emona Instruments

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Лаборатория радиотехники и телекоммуникаций

Комплект учебного оборудования позволяет изучать основы современной радиотехники и систем телекоммуникаций, знакомиться на практике с физическими процессами передачи данных по радиоканалам, проводить обработку сигналов, включая преобразование частот, различные виды модуляции и демодуляции, кодирование и декодирование и т.д. В рамках лабораторных работ студенты могут создавать прототипы своих собственных систем связи, просто последовательно соединяя функциональные блоки.
Состав лабораторного комплекса:
•  Учебная лабораторная платформа NI ELVIS II
•  Макетная плата EMONA DATEx со специализированными функциональными блоками связи и телекоммуникаций
•  Персональных компьютер
•  Программное обеспечение с инструкциями для студентов и преподавателей по выполнению упражнений и подключению оборудования
•  Учебно-методические материалы для студентов и преподавателей

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