Руководство европейского суда по правам человека

Руководство Европейского Суда по правам человека «Право

на жизнь» (по состоянию на 31 декабря 2018 года) <10>

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<10> Режим доступа: URL: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art_2_RUS.pdf.

Европейский Суд… устанавливал, что утверждения лиц, имеющих серьезные заболевания, относятся к сфере действия статьи 2 Конвенции, когда соответствующие обстоятельства потенциально предусматривают ответственность государства (пункт 5 Руководства).

Европейский Суд рассматривал по существу дела, связанные со статьей 2 Конвенции, по жалобам лиц, которые утверждали, что их жизнь подвергалась риску, хотя такой риск еще не стал реальным, если Суд был убежден в том, что фактически существовала серьезная угроза для их жизней (пункт 6 Руководства).

Аналогичным образом в делах, связанных с несчастными случаями с потенциально летальными…, или экологическими бедствиями…, Суд рассматривал жалобы заявителей, которым благодаря случайности удалось выжить, в свете статьи 2 Конвенции (пункт 7 Руководства).

В отличие от статьи 4 Американской конвенции по правам человека, которая предусматривает, что право на жизнь должно защищаться «в целом с момента ее начала», статья 2 Конвенции умалчивает о временных ограничениях права на жизнь и, в частности, не определяет «каждого» (toute personne), чья «жизнь» защищается Конвенцией (пункт 56 Руководства).

Европейский Суд, учитывая отсутствие в европейских странах единого мнения по научному и правовому определению начала жизни, постановил, что вопрос о начале права на жизнь относится к пределам свободы усмотрения, которыми, как считает Суд согласно устоявшейся практике, должны обладать государства в этой сфере (пункт 57 Руководства).

[С]реди государств — членов Совета Европы отсутствует консенсус в отношении того, разрешать ли прекращение искусственного поддержания жизнеобеспечения, хотя большинство из них (государств) склоняется к допустимости этого. Европейский Суд отметил: хотя подробные акты, регулирующие прекращение лечения, в разных странах отличаются, однако существует консенсус относительно важнейшего значения мнения пациента в процессе принятия решения, каким бы образом не выражались такие желания. В связи с этим Суд считает, что в сферах, касающихся как прекращения жизни, так и ее начала, государствам должны быть предоставлены пределы усмотрения не только в отношении того, разрешать или нет искусственное поддержание жизненных функций, и разработки норм, подробно регулирующих такое прекращение, но и относительно средств установления баланса между защитой права пациентов на жизнь и защитой их права на уважение частной жизни и их личной самоидентификации. Вместе с тем Европейский Суд подчеркнул, что эти пределы свободы усмотрения не являются неограниченными и Суд сохраняет за собой право проверять, выполнило ли государство свои обязательства, предусмотренные статьей 2 Конвенции (пункт 62 Руководства).

Рассматривая вопрос о назначении или прекращении лечения, Европейский Суд принимал во внимание следующие факторы:

— наличие во внутригосударственном праве и практике законодательной базы, совместимой с требованиями статьи 2 Конвенции;

— были ли учтены ранее выраженные желания заявителя и его близких;

— а также мнения медицинского персонала и возможность обращения в суд в случае сомнений в том, было ли принято оптимальное решение в наилучших интересах пациента (пункт 63 Руководства).

Источник

Krzysztof Wojtyczek Poland Judge

Born on 19 February 1968 in Kraków, Poland

Master in Law, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 1991
Junior lecturer, Faculty of Law and Administration, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 1991-1999
Doctorate in law, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 1998
Legal advisor (1998-2009), Senior legal advisor (2009-2012) of the Constitutional Court
Lecturer, Faculty of Law and Administration, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 1999-2010
Director of the School of French law, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 2000-2012
Member of the European Scientific Council (European Group of Public Law), since 2006
Habilitation in law, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 2009
Member of a Committee of experts appointed by the President of the first house of the Parliament (Sejm) for the preparation of a draft of a new chapter of the Polish Constitution on the European Union membership, 2009-2010
Professor at the Jagiellonian University, Kraków, since 2010
Director of the Coordination Centre for Foreign Law Schools, 2010-2012
Associate member of the International Academy of Comparative Law, since 2012
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2012
Vice-President of Section from 7 May 2019 to 25 May 2021.

Faris Vehabović Bosnia and Herzegovina Judge

Born on 23 May 1967 in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Law Degree, Faculty of Law, University of Sarajevo, 1987-1993
Trainee, European Commission of Human Rights, 1998
Legal expert, Office of the Ombudsperson for Human Rights, 1996-2000
Bar Exam, 2001
Registrar, Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2001-2007
Master Degree in European Studies, Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Studies in European Studies, University of Bologna and University of Sarajevo, 2003-2005
Judge (2007-2012), Vice-President (2008-2012), Constitutional Court of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Member of Association of Judges of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Lecturer, Centres for Education of Judges and Prosecutors of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska
Member of the Board, Center for human Rights, University of Sarajevo
Ad hoc Judge, European Court of Human Rights, 2010-2012
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 3 December 2012
Vice-President of Section from 7 May 2019 to 12 October 2020.

Egidijus Kūris Lithuania Judge

Born on 26 October 1961, in Vilnius, Lithuania

M.A. in law, Vilnius University, 1984
PhD in law, Moscow State University, 1988
Habilitation, Vilnius University, 2008
Assistant lecturer (1984-1985, 1988-1991), Senior Lecturer (1991-1992), Associate professor (1992-1994), Professor and Head (2008-2009), Department of Theory and History of State and Law; Professor and Head (2009-2013), Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, Vilnius University
Advisor, State Re-Establishment Committee, Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania, 1990-1991
Member, legal professionals’ group for drafting the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, 1992
Associate Professor (1992-2002), Professor (2002-2013) and Director (1992-1999), Institute of International Relations and Political Science, Vilnius University
Assistant to the President, Constitutional Court of Lithuania, 1993-1997
President, Lithuanian Political Science Association, 1995-1998
Justice (1999-2008) and President (2002-2008), Constitutional Court of Lithuania
President (as president of the constitutional court presiding at the Conference), Conference of the European Constitutional Courts, 2005-2008
President of the Council, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, 2005-2009
Associate Member, International Academy of Comparative Law, since 2012
Member, Permanent Commission for the Assessment of Activities of Judges (Lithuania), 2012-2013
Member, Advisory Board, Ministry of Health (Lithuania), 2013
External Advisor to the Minister of Justice (Lithuania), 2013
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2013.

Iulia Antoanella Motoc Romania Judge

Born on 20 August 1967, in Timişoara, Romania

L.L.B., University of Bucharest, School of Law, 1989
Master in International Public Law, University Aix-Marseilles III, 1991
S.J.D. in International Public Law, University Aix-Marseilles III, 1996
Habilitation in Law, University Paris XI, 1998
Ph.D. in Philosophy, University of Bucharest, Department of Philosophy, 1999
Senior “Jean Monnet” Fellow, New York University, School of Law, 2003-2004
Senior Fellow, Yale University, School of Law, Orville Centre for International Human Rights, 2004-2007
Trainee Prosecutor, Giurgiu Regional Prosecution Office, 1989-1990
Judge, Trial Court of the 2nd District of Bucharest, 1990-1995
Lawyer, Bucharest Bar Association, 1995-2013
Teaching Assistant (1995-1997), lecturer (1997-1998), reader (1998-2002), professor of International Law and Human Rights (2002-2013) and European Law (2007-2013), University of Bucharest
Member of the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Council of Europe, 1998-2004 and 2008-2012
Member (2000–2007) and President (2000-2001) of the Sub-Commission on the promotion and protection of human rights, United Nations
Member, Working Group on Indigenous Populations, United Nations, 2000-2004
Special Rapporteur of the United Nations Commission for Human Rights for the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2001-2004
Member, Working Group on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, United Nations, 2003-2006
UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and the Human Genome, 2004-2007
Member (2006-2013), Rapporteur (2008-2010) and Vice-President (2012-2013), Human Rights Committee, United Nations
Member, Executive Board of the European Society of International Law, 2004-2008
Member of the Presidential Commission for Analysis of the Constitution, Romania, 2007-2008
Member of the Fundamental Rights Agency of the European Union, 2010-2012
Director (Romania) of the European Master on Human Rights and Democratisation, European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation, Venice, 2007-2013
Arbitrator, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Washington, 2008-2013
Research Professor, Justice and International Law in a Global World, Institute for Research in International and European Law, Sorbonne, 2012-2013
Judge, Constitutional Court of Romania, 2010-2013
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 18 December 2013.

Branko Lubarda Serbia Judge

Born on 15 October 1955, in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina

LL.D. (1979), M.S. (1985), Dr. Sci. (1990), Law School of the University of Belgrade
Assistant Professor (1992-1999), Associate Professor (1999-2005), Full Professor (2005-2015), Law School of the University of Belgrade
Editor-in-Chief of the Archives for Law and Social Sciences, 2003-2008
Coordinator of the Council of Europe for the compatibility of the Serbia and Montenegro law with the Revised European Social Charter, 2003-2005
President of the Serbian Association for Labour Law and Social Security, 2008-2011
Member of the Serbian High Civil Service Council, 2005-2010
Member of the Presidency of the Serbian Association of Jurists, 2011-2015
External collaborator/expert of the International Labour Organisation, 2002, 2013 and 2014
Member of the Scientific Committee Forum for the Regulation of a Social Europe, 2011
Member of the Republican Board for prevention of conflict of interest, 2005-2009
Member of the Board of Anticorruption Agency of Serbia, 2009-2013
President of the Board of Anticorruption Agency of Serbia, 2013-2015
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 13 April 2015
Vice-president of Section from 1 February 2017 to 6 May 2019.

Yonko Grozev Bulgaria Judge

Born on 27 December 1965, in Sofia, Bulgaria

Master of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Sofia, 1991
Lawyer, registered with the Sofia Bar Association, 1993
Development and implementation of a training program for Bulgarian judges on the application of the European Convention on Human Rights, Council of Europe, 1991-2001
Founding member, Bulgarian Helsinki Committee, Sofia, 1992-2013
Founding member of the Board, Centre for Liberal Strategies, Sofia, 1993-2013
LL.M. (Master of Law), Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1995
Founding member of the Board, Access to Information Foundation, Sofia, 1996 and 2002
Member of the Legal Advisory Committee of the European Roma Rights Centre, 1998-2010
Member of the Board, Media Development Center, Sofia, 2000-2003
Member of the Board, Open Society Institute, Sofia, 2001-2004
Lecturer and trainer for extensive training meant for practising lawyers on the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, since 2001
Member of the Board, Mental Disability Advocacy Center, Budapest, 2002-2006
Head of a working group with the task of drafting a strategy for institutional reform aimed at improving the implementation of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, Ministry of Justice of Bulgaria, 2007-2008
Member of a working group drafting the first legal aid legislation, 2009
Chair of the Board and founding member, Risk Monitor, Sofia, 2009-2015
Member of the Board, Bulgarian Lawyers for Human Rights, 2009-2013
Member of the Board, Open Society Justice Initiative, New York, 2011-2015
Development and implementation of a web-based training course for practising lawyers, Council of Europe, 2012-2013
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 13 April 2015
Vice-President of Section from 13 August 2018 to 12 August 2019
President of Section from 18 May 2020 to 17 May 2022.

Síofra O’Leary Ireland President

Born on 20 September 1968, in Dublin, Ireland

Bachelor of Civil Law, University College Dublin, Ireland, 1986-1989
PhD, European University Institute, Florence, Italy, 1989-1993
Visiting Fellow and Research Associate, Department of Public International Law, University of Cádiz, Spain, and Institute for Public Policy Research, London, United Kingdom, 1994-1996
Assistant Director of the Centre for European Legal Studies, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1995-1996
Fellow of Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1995-1996
Visiting Fellow, Faculty of Law, University College Dublin, Ireland, 1999-2004
Référendaire, Chef de Cabinet and Head of Unit, Court of Justice of the European Union, Luxembourg, 1996-2015
Visiting Professor, College of Europe, Bruges, Belgium, since 2003
Member of the Editorial Board of the Common Market Law Review, 2012-2015
Member of the Advisory Boards of the Common Market Law Review and the Irish Centre for European Law
Honorary Bencher of the Honorable Society of the King’s Inns, Ireland
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 2 July 2015
President of Section from 1 January 2020 to 31 October 2022
Vice-President of the Court from 2 January to 31 October 2022
President of the Court since 1 November 2022.

Carlo Ranzoni Liechtenstein Judge

Born on 2 November 1965, in St. Gallen, Switzerland

Master of Law, University of St. Gallen, 1985-1989
Attorney’s license, bar exam in St. Gallen, 1992
Legal assistant, Court of Appeal, St. Gallen, 1992-2000
Judge, Court of Justice of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Vaduz, 2001-2015
Member of the Association of Jurists St. Gallen, since 1991
Member of the Liechtenstein Association of Judges, since 2001
Collaboration in numerous Liechtenstein working groups on legislative reforms, 2003-2015
Member (2003-2015), Head (2011-2015) of the Liechtenstein expert group against sexual abuse of children and juveniles
Member of the Swiss Association of Criminal Law, since 2004
Member of the Swiss Group of Criminology, since 2006
Liechtenstein representative at the Council of Europe Committees of experts PC-ES on the protection of children against sexual exploitation and abuse, 2006-2007, and CAHVIO on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, 2009-2010
Member of the Liechtenstein delegations presenting national reports to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2006, and the UN Human Rights Council, 2008
Liechtenstein representative at the European Committee on Crime Problems of the Council of Europe (CDPC), 2007-2015
Liechtenstein Deputy Member at the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE), 2008-2015, and the Council of Europe Committee of the parties to the Lanzarote Convention (T-ES), 2013-2015
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 September 2015
Vice-President of Section since 18 May 2021.

Mārtiņš Mits Latvia Judge

Born on 25 March 1972, in Riga, Latvia

Senior Adviser, Department of Case-law Analysis of the Latvian Supreme Court, 1993-1995
LL.B., qualification of a lawyer, University of Latvia, 1995
Deputy Director (1995-1998), Acting Director (1999-2001), Human Rights Institute, University of Latvia, Faculty of Law
LL.M. in Human Rights, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom, 1998
Chief Editor of the Latvian Human Rights Quarterly, 2000-2001
Lecturer (1999-2012), Docent (2012-2013), Associate Professor (since 2013); Prorector (2008-2015), Riga Graduate School of Law
Regular lecturer in the Latvian Judicial Training Centre and in training courses organised for judges of the Latvian Constitutional Court (2003-2004) and the Latvian Supreme Court (2003-2004, 2010)
Dr.iur (LL.D) in Public International Law, Lund University, Sweden, 2010
Member of the Constitutional Rights Committee of the President of the Republic of Latvia, 2007-2012
Alternate member representing Latvia in the Management Board of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2007-2012
Expert of the Latvian Council of Science, 2010-2012 and since 2014
Listed by the Latvian Government as ad hoc Judge of the European Court of Human Rights, 2012-2015
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 3 September 2015
Vice-President of Section from 6 October 2020 to 7 November 2022.

Armen Harutyunyan Armenia Judge

Born on 7 March 1964, in Yerevan, Armenia

Diploma in Law, Yerevan State University, Law Department, 1981-1986
PhD, Institute of State and Law of Academy of Science of the USSR, Moscow, 1986-1989
Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, Senior Professor, Yerevan State University, Law Department, Division of Constitutional and International Law, 1989-2002
Doctor of Law, Academy of Public Administration of Russian Federation, Moscow, 1996-1997
Member of the Commission on Constitutional reforms, 1997-2001
Legal Advisor, Constitutional Court of Armenia, 1997-2005
Representative of the President of the Republic of Armenia on Constitutional reforms, 2001-2005
Rector, Public Administration Academy of Armenia, 2002-2006
Deputy Representative of Armenia, European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), 2002-2011
Member of the Council of Justice of Armenia, 2004-2005
President of the European Law Association of Armenia, 2004-2011
Human Rights Defender (Ombudsman) of Armenia, Human Rights Defender’s Institution of Armenia, 2006-2011
Member of the Board of European Ombudsman Institute (2008-2011), external member (2011-2015)
Graduated of the Human Rights Law Centre, School of Law, University of Nottingham, 2007
Member of the Armenian Bar Association of North America, Los Angeles, 2007-2011
Honorary Member of the French Association of Armenian Advocates and Lawyers (AFAJA), Paris, 2008-2011
Regional Representative, Regional Office for Central Asia of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2011-2014
Head of the UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2014-2015
Member (external) of the Commission of Constitutional amendments of Ukraine, 2015
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 17 September 2015.

Stéphanie Mourou-Vikström Monaco Judge

Born on 1 November 1970

Bachelor’s degree in Law, University d’Aix-en-Provence
Master’s degree in Law, University of Exeter, United Kingdom, 1992
DEA (Diplôme d’Études Approfondies) in International Public Law, University of Aix-en-Provence, 1993
PhD in Public International Law, University of Aix-en-Provence, 1999
French National School for the Judiciary (ENM), Bordeaux, Auditeur de justice, (Judge/prosecutor in training) 2000-2001
Regional Court of Paris, Auditeur de justice, 2001
Deputy Judge, Tribunal of first instance, Monaco, 2002
Deputy Prosecutor General, 2003
Judge, Tribunal of first instance, Monaco, 2006
Chief Judge Court of First Instance, Tribunal of first instance, Monaco, 2012
President, Children’s Tribunal ruling on minor and serious criminal cases, Monaco, 2013
Appointed as National Patent Judge, 2006-2015
Member of the Data Protection Authority (CCIN), Monaco, 2009-2015
Appointed as external lawyer for the European Patent Organisation Legal Board of Appeal, 2012-2015
Member of the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), 2012-2015
Member of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE), 2014-2015
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 17 September 2015.

Georges Ravarani Luxembourg Vice-President

Born on 1 May 1954, in Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Master’s degree in law, Grenoble University, France, 1977
Trainee lawyer, 1978-1980
Judge of the Luxembourg District Court, 1981-1992
Member of the Editorial Board of the quarterly law review Pasicrisie luxembourgeoise, since 1982
Founding member of the Luxembourg Human Rights Institute, Secretary of this foundation, 1982-2012
Lawyer, 1992-1996
President of the Luxembourg First Instance Administrative Court, 1997-2007
Member of the Grand Ducal Institute, since 2002
Guest lecturer (2006-2014), honorary lecturer (since 2015), Luxembourg University
President of the Association of the Councils of State and Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions of the European Union (ACA-Europe), 2008-2010
Vice-President of the Luxembourg Constitutional Court, 2008-2015
President of the Luxembourg Supreme Administrative Court, 2008-2015
Doctor of law, Luxembourg University, 2011
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2015
President of Section since 13 September 2021
Vice-President of the Court since 1 November 2022.

Gabriele Kucsko-Stadlmayer Austria Section President

Born on 19 December 1955, in Vienna, Austria

Law Studies, Law School, University of Vienna, 1973-1977
Doctor of Law, Law School, University of Vienna, 1977
Legal trainee in the District Court for Commercial Affaires and in the Regional Criminal Court, Vienna, 1980-1981
Habilitation for Constitutional and Administrative Law, University of Vienna, 1984
Associate Professor for Constitutional and Administrative Law, University of Vienna, 1985
Substitute Member of the Constitutional Court of Austria, 1995-2015
Visiting professor, University of Graz, 2000
Permanent Member of the Austrian Commission of Jurists, since 2000
Expert at the Austrian Constitutional Convention in the Austrian National Council, 2003-2005
Member of the Selection Committee for Civil Service Tribunal of the European Union, 2005-2009
Member of the Society of German Public Law Professors, since 2006
Chair of the Arbitration Commission, University of Vienna, 2006-2013
Substitute Member of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), Council of Europe, 2006-2015
Vice-Chair of the Human Rights Advisory Board, Austrian Ministry of the Interior, 2008-2012
Vice-Chair of the Human Rights Advisory Board, Austrian Ombudsman Office, 2012-2013
Chair of the Independent Disciplinary Commission, Austrian Ministry of Science, Economy and Research, 2008-2015
Full Professor for Constitutional and Administrative Law, Law School, University of Vienna, since 2011
Chair (2013-2015) of Senate, Vice-Chair (2009-2011), University of Vienna
Spokesperson for the Senates of Austrian Universities, 2013-2015
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2015.
Vice-President of Section from 13 August 2019 to 30 September 2020.
President of Section since 18 May 2022.

Pere Pastor Vilanova Andorra Section President

Born on 29 November 1968, in Andorra la Vella, Principality of Andorra

Master’s Degree in Political Science, Toulouse Institute of Political Science, France, 1987-1990
Master’s Degree in Finance and Business Economics, Montpellier Business School, France, 1990-1992
Master’s Degree in Public Administration, National School of Administration, Paris, 1992-1994
Technical Director of the Interior Ministry, Andorra, 1995-1998
Judge of First Instance in charge of Administrative and Civil Litigation, Andorra, 1998-2011
PhD Public Law, University of Toulouse 1, 1999-2002
Member of the Bioethics Committee of the Council of Europe (DH-BIO), 2005-2015
Lecturer at the University of Andorra and the University Toulouse 1, since 2005
Judge of the Supreme Court of Andorra, 2011-2015
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2015
President of Section since 1 November 2022.

Alena Poláčková Slovak Republic Judge

Born on 6 November 1964 in Bojnice, Slovak Republic

Law Studies at Comenius University, Bratislava, 1982-1987
JUDr, Faculty of law, Legal History, Comenius University, Bratislava, 1987-1988
Law teacher, Secondary Economic School, Bratislava, 1988-1991
Trainee Judge, Regional Court, Bratislava, 1991-1994
Judge, Ministry of Justice, 1993
Judge in Commercial Law, District Court, Bratislava, 1994-2002
PhD, Faculty of Law, Commercial Law, Comenius University, Bratislava, 1996-2001
Judge in civil law matters, District Court, Bratislava, 2002-2004
Judge in administrative law matters, Supreme Court, 2004
Agent of the Government before the European Court of Human Rights, 2005-2006
Member of the Committee of Experts on improving the process of the protection of human rights, 2005-2006
Judge in civil law matters, District Court, Bratislava, 2006-2007
Judge in administrative law matters, Supreme Court, 2007-2011
Member of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE), 2010-2015
President of Panel, Administrative Law, Supreme Court, 2011-2015
Vice-President of the Slovak Association of Judges, 2012-2014
Member of the First-instance Chamber on the Slovak Bar exam, 2012-2015
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 29 December 2015.

Pauliine Koskelo Finland Judge

Born on 22 June 1956 in Salo, Finland

Master of Laws, University of Helsinki, 1979
Senior Officer in Legislative Affairs, Ministry of Justice, 1980-1984
Trained on the bench, Helsinki District Court, 1985
Senior Adviser in Legislative Affairs, Ministry of Justice, 1985-1995
Head of Division (1995-1997), Assistant General Counsel (1998-1999), Co-Director (1999-2000) of the European Investment Bank, Legal Directorate, Luxembourg
Member (2000-2015), President (2006-2015) of the Supreme Court of Finland
Member of the Board of the Finnish Law Association, 2001-2006
Member of the National Board of the Nordic Lawyers’ Conference, since 2005
Chairperson of the Judicial Appointments Board of Finland, 2006-2012
Chairperson of the Advisory Board of the Institute of European Economic Law, University of Helsinki, 2008-2011
Vice-President of the Network of the Presidents of the Supreme Judicial Courts of the European Union, 2008-2015
Dr. econ. h.c., Hanken University, School of Economics, Helsinki, 2009
Dr. jur. h.c., Faculty of Law, University of Helsinki, 2010
Dr. jur. h.c., Faculty of Law, University of Turku, 2015
Member of the Board of Trustees of the Academy of European Law (ERA), since 2008, President 2011-2016
Member of the Advisory Board of the Law Faculty, University of Helsinki, 2011-2015
Member of a committee set up by the Ministry of Justice of Finland for reforms in the justice system, 2012-2015
Member of the panel provided for by article 255 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, mandated to give an opinion on the suitability of candidates to perform the duties of judge or advocate general of the Court of Justice or the General Court, since 2014
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 January 2016.

Georgios Serghides Cyprus Judge

Born on 28 June 1955 in Nicosia, Cyprus

Law degree, University of Athens, Greece, 1978
Cyprus Bar Exams, 1985
Course on Anglo-Cypriot Legal Studies, University of Leicester, 1988-1989
Ph.D. in private international law, University of Exeter, United Kingdom, 1984
Ph.D. in comparative administrative law, University of Athens, Greece, 1998
Ph.D. in comparative family law, University of Salonica, Greece, 2007
Ph.D. in the European Convention on Human Rights and comparative constitutional law, University of Thrace, Greece, 2015
Ph.D. in International Law and Human Rights, University of Strasbourg, 2021
Practising Advocate before all courts in Cyprus, 1985-1990
Judge (1990-1999), President (1999-2016) of the Family Court in Cyprus
International Hague Network Judge for Cyprus in abduction of children cases, 2000-2016
Cyprus Liaison in the European judicial network in family matters (2006-2016) and Cyprus family law expert for the purposes of the ERA’s training modules on European family law (2012-2016)
Cyprus Judicial Liaison for asylum matters (2013-2016)
Lecturer and Head of the Law Department of Philips College, Cyprus, 1986-1990
Secretary and Lecturer of the Cyprus Council of Legal Education, 1985-1990
Lecturer and Examiner of the Cyprus Bar Council, 2000-2004
Adjunct Law Professor at the University of Cyprus, 2009-2012
Visiting Associate Law Professor at Frederick University, Cyprus, 2014
Appointed by the Cyprus Law Commissioner to make recommendations for the amendment of a chapter of the Cyprus Penal Code (1989)
Representative of Cyprus judiciary in a number of legal bodies and committees, including the Council of the E.U., 1998-2016
Vice-President of the Committee of the United Nations Association of Cyprus (2012-2016) and a member of the Committee for the Restoration of Human Rights Throughout Cyprus (1986-2000)
Editor and main author of the series “Studia Juriis Cyprii”, 1988-2016
Author and joint author of various law books and articles
Ph.D. in Law (Honoris Causa), University of Nicosia, 2019
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 18 April 2016
Vice-President of Section since 7 May 2019.

Marko Bošnjak Slovenia Vice-President

Born on 12 March 1974 in Ljubljana, Slovenia

Graduated in Law, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Law, 1996
Research assistant (1996-2002), research fellow (2002-2006), senior research fellow (2006-2008), at the Institute of Criminology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Law
Judicial traineeship at the Court of Appeal in Ljubljana, 1998-2000
Masters’ degree, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Law, 1999
State Judicial Exam, 2001
Ph.D. in Law, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Law, 2002
Independent advisor (2002-2006), superior advisor (2006-2008) Constitutional Court of Slovenia
Assistant Professor for criminal law and criminology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Law, 2005-2015
Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 2006-2012
Expert Member of the Council for Criminal Law, Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, 2008-2011
Attorney specialised in criminal law, 2009-2016
Associate Professor of criminal law, Head of the Criminal Law Department, European Law Faculty in Nova Gorica, Slovenia, since 2012
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 30 May 2016
Vice-President of Section from 15 May 2019 to 17 May 2021
President of Section since 1 January 2022
Vice-President of the Court since 1 November 2022.

Tim Eicke United Kingdom Judge

Born on 27 July 1966 in Hannover, Germany

Studied Law, University of Passau, Faculty of Law, Germany, 1986-1988
LL.B. (Hons), University of Dundee, Faculty of Law, United Kingdom, 1988-1992
International Institute of Human Rights, Strasbourg, 1990
Barrister, since 1993
Director of Studies, Santa Clara Summer School, International and International Human Rights Law, Geneva, 1994-1995
Junior Counsel to the Crown, 1999-2011
Member of the Board of Directors of the A.I.R.E. Centre, Advice on Individual Rights in Europe, London, 2000-2008
Trustee/Member of Board of Directors of INTERIGHTS, International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights, London, 2004-2015
Member of the Equality and Human Rights Commission (UK) panel of counsel, 2011-2015
QC, since 2011
Member of British Institute of International and Comparative Law (“BIICL”) and American Society of International Law
Member BIICL Public International Law Advisory Panel, since 2011
Bencher Lincoln’s Inn, since 2014
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 12 September 2016
Honorary doctorate by the University of Dundee, 2017
Vice-President of Section as from 13 October 2020.

Lətif Hüseynov Azerbaijan Judge

Born on 1 February 1964 in Ağdam, Azerbaijan

Master’s degree in International Law, Kiev State University, 1986
Research fellow, Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, 1988-1990
Senior Lecturer, Associate Professor, Law faculty, Baku State University, 1990-1996
PhD, Kiev, 1994
Associate Professor, Head of the International Law Department, Azerbaijan University, 1996-2001
Doctor of Legal Sciences, Kiev, 2000
Director of the Constitutional Law Department of the Milli Mejlis (Parliament) of Azerbaijan, 2001-2016
Member of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), 2001-2007
Professor of Public International Law, Law faculty, Baku State University, 2002-2016
Member of the Venice Commission, 2003-2016
Member (2004-2015), President (2011-2015) of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT)
Member of the UN Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, 2008-2014
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 4 January 2017.

Jovan Ilievski North Macedonia Judge

Born on 3 July 1958 in Tetovo

Graduated in Law, Faculty of law of Skopje, 1983
Bar Exam Diploma, 1985
Deputy Public Prosecutor, Public Prosecution Office, Skopje, 1988-1993
Private practice as a Defence Attorney, Skopje, 1993-1997
Deputy Public Prosecutor, Public Prosecution Office, Skopje, 1997-2004
Head of the Department of prosecuting perpetrators of criminal acts from the area of organised crime and corruption, Public Prosecution Office, Skopje, 2004-2008
Member of the Consultative Council of European Prosecutors (CCPE) within the Council of Europe, 2006-2017
Public Prosecutor, Public Prosecution Office, Skopje, 2009
Head of the Basic Public Prosecution Office for prosecuting organised crime and corruption, Skopje, 2009-2017
Master’s Degree of Science in Criminal Law, University of Skopje, 2011
Ph.D in criminal law, University of Skopje, 2013
Professor, State University of Štip, 2013-2017
President of the Commission for harmonisation of penal policy, 2015
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 February 2017
Vice-President of Section since 8 November 2022.

Jolien Schukking Netherlands Judge

Born on 9 August 1967 in Noordoostpolder, The Netherlands

Master’s degree in Law, University of Leiden, 1992
Lawyer, Administrative Jurisdiction Division, Council of State, The Hague, 1993-1998
Lawyer, former European Commission of Human Rights, Strasbourg, 1996
Agent for the Kingdom of The Netherlands, representing the government before the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies, International Law Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,The Hague, 1998-2007
Member (1998-2007) and Chair (2006-2007) of the Committee of Experts for the development of Human Rights (DH-DEV), Council of Europe
Member of the Group of Specialists on Human Rights and Fight against terrorism (DH-S-TER), Council of Europe, 2006
Guest lecturer on human rights law at the Netherlands Institute for training of Magistrates (SSR), at the High School of Justice (HSoJ) of Georgia (2007) and at several Dutch universities, 2004-2016
Substitute-Judge, Regional Court of Rotterdam, 2006-2013
Member of the Bar of The Hague (Advocaat), 2007-2009
Judge, Regional Court of Utrecht, 2009-2013
Member of the Board of the Foundation Judges for Judges, 2009-2017
Member of the editorial board of the Netherlands Human Rights Law Journal, 2010-2017
Member of the Advisory Committee of the Dutch Section of the International Commission of Jurists (NJCM), 2010-2017
Member of the International Association for Refugee Law Judges (IARLJ), since 2010
Judge, Administrative High Court for Trade and Industry, 2013-2017
Expert to the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) mission on strengthening the Judiciary in the Russian Federation, 2014 and 2016
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 3 April 2017.

Péter Paczolay Hungary Judge

Born on 20 May 1956 in Budapest, Hungary

Graduated in Law, Faculty of law of the University of Budapest, 1980
Bar Exam Diploma, Ministry of Justice, 1983
Researcher (1983-1986), Assistant Professor (1986-1989), Department of Legal Theory, Faculty of Law, University of Budapest
PhD in political and legal science, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1989
Associate Professor (1989-2000), Full Professor (2000-2009), Institute of Political Science, Faculty of Law, University of Budapest
Senior Legal Advisor to the President of the Constitutional Court of Hungary, 1990-1996
Associate Professor (1992-2000), Full Professor (since 2000), Head of Department, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Department of Political Science, University of Szeged
Liaison Officer (since 1993), Substitute Member (2002-2005), Member (2005-2013), Vice-President (2009-2011), Honorary President (2013-2017), Venice Commission, Council of Europe
Secretary General, Constitutional Court of Hungary, 1996-2000
Habilitation for full professorship, Faculty of Law, university of Budapest, 1999
Deputy Head (2000-2005), Head (2005-2006) of the Office of the President of the Republic
Judge (2006-2015), Vice-President (2007-2008), President (2008-2015), Constitutional Court of Hungary
Member of the panel provided for by article 255 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, mandated to give an opinion on the suitability of candidates to perform the duties of judge or advocate general of the Court of Justice or the General Court, 2010-2015
Research Professor in political science, National Public Service University, since 2015
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Italy, Malta and San Marino, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Commerce, 2016-2017
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 24 April 2017
Vice-President of Section since 26 May 2021.

Lado Chanturia Georgia Judge

Born on 14 April 1963 in Tsalenjikha, Georgia

Graduated in Law, Faculty of law, State University of Tbilisi, 1985
Ph.D. post-graduate fellowship at the Moscow Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law, 1986-1989
Docent, Faculty of Law, Tbilisi State University, 1990-1995
DAAD (German Academic Exchange) fellowship, Faculty of law, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany, 1991-1993
Member of the Private Law Reform State Commission which drafted the Civil Code of Georgia, 1991-1996
Member of the State Commission which drafted the Constitution of Georgia, 1992-1995
Advisor to the Minister of Justice of Georgia, 1993-1997
Doctor of law, State University of Tbilisi, 1994
Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Ivane Javakhishvili State University of Tbilisi, since 1995
Member of the Council of Justice of Georgia, 1997-2004
Minister of Justice of Georgia, 1998-1999
President of the Supreme Court of Georgia, 1999-2004
Research fellow of the Humboldt Foundation at the Hamburg Max Planck Institute of Foreign and International Private Law, Germany, 2004-2006
Director of the Project “Civil and Economic Law in the Countries of the Central Asia and Caucasus” at the University of Bremen, Germany, 2006-2009
Senior Advisor of the German International Cooperation (GIZ) in field of Legal and Judicial Reforms in Eschborn, Germany, 2009-2011
Visiting Professor (DAAD-Gastdozent) at the Institute for Eastern European Law, Christian-Albrechts-Univertiy in Kiel, Germany, 2011-2014
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Georgia to the Federal Republic of Germany, 2014-2018
Member of the Board of Trustees of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law in Hamburg, since 2015
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 8 January 2018.

María Elósegui Spain Judge

Born on 7 December 1957 in San Sebastián, Spain

B.A. in Philosophy, University of Navarre, 1980
Master in Philosophy, University of Navarre, 1986
Doctor in Philosophy, University of Navarre, 1987
Master in Philosophy, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom, 1989
Master in Law, University of Saint-Louis, Brussels, Belgium, 1994
Doctor in Law, University of Navarre, 2002
Degree in Law, University of National University of Distance Education, Madrid, 2007
Teacher of Philosophy, Bilbao, from 1982 to 1988
Research Associate, University of Glasgow, from 1988 to 1990
Professor Assistant of Philosophy of Law, University of Saragossa, from 1991 to 1993
Full Professor of Philosophy of Law, Human Rights and Legal Theory, Law Faculty, University of Saragossa, from 1994 to 2010
Full Professor of Philosophy of Law, Human Rights and Legal Theory, Law Faculty, University of Saragossa, from 2010 to 2018
Researcher of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in Germany, Faculty of Law, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, 1996-1997, 1998, 2012
Research visit to the Directorate of Human Rights at the Council of Europe, 2012
Academic observer for UN World Conference, Beijing 1995, New York 2000
Coordinator of the doctoral program of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, University of Saragossa, from 1999 to 2018
Direction of a legal academic journal Aequalitas on Legal equality of opportunities between women and men, from 1999 to 2017
Expert in the elaboration of the draft Organic Law of Guarantee of Equality between women and men at the request of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, 2005
Prize « Luis Portero » on Human Rights, Academy of jurisprudence and legislation, Grenada, 2008
Expert of the Commission against the Racism and Intolerance of the Council of Europe (ECRI), Strasbourg, from 2013 to 2017
Expert and Vice-President of the Bioethics Committee of Aragon, from 2013 to 2018
Member of the Secretariat of the Commission to supervise PhD students, University of Saragossa, from 2013 to 2018
Visiting professor at the Max Planck Institute for comparative Public Law and International Law, Heidelberg, Germany and the Faculty of Law of the University of Heidelberg, 2017
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 15 March 2018.

Ivana Jelić Montenegro Judge

Born on 17 March 1975 in Podgorica, Montenegro

Law degree, Faculty of Law, University of Montenegro, 1998
Legal Officer in charge of dissemination of IHL at the International Committee of the Red Cross Geneva, sub-Delegation in Montenegro, 1999-2001
Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Law, University of Montenegro, 2001-2007
Visiting Scholar at the Faculty of Law, University of Bergen, Norway, 2002
Master degree in Law (LL.M), Public International Law and International Human Rights Law, Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade, Serbia, 2004
Doctoral Scholar of the JFDP academic mobility program, Boalt Law School, University of California in Berkeley, USA, 2004-2005
Visiting Scholar at the Centre for the study of human rights, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2005
Doctor of Law (PhD), Public International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade, Serbia, 2007
Visiting Postdoctoral Researcher at université Panthéon-Assas Paris II, Centre de Recherche sur les Droits de l’Homme et le Droit Humanitaire, 2007
Member of the Committee of experts of the Council of Europe for the Improvement of Procedures for the Protection of Human Rights (DH-PR), Strasbourg, 2008-2010
Member of the Steering Committee for Human Rights (CDDH), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 2008-2012
Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Law and Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Montenegro, 2008-2013
Vice-President (2008-2018) and Senate Member (since 2018) of the Montenegrin Association of Lawyers
Member of the ad hoc Working Group of CDDH on drafting the agreement on accession of the EU to the ECHR, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 2010-2011
Visiting professor at International interdisciplinary postgraduate program European Regional Master in Human Rights and Democracy (ERMA), University of Bologna and University of Sarajevo, 2010-2017
Member (2012-2016), Gender Equality Rapporteur (2013-2016) and Second Vice Chair (2014-2016) of the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (ACFC), Council of Europe, Strasbourg
Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law and at the Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Montenegro, 2013- (on leave)
Vice Dean in charge of international cooperation and academic mobility program of the Faculty of Law, University of Montenegro, in two mandates (2011-2012) and (2015-2016)
Academic Member of the Court of Honor of the University of Montenegro, 2011-2015
Visiting Postdoctoral Researcher at the Faculty of Law, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, 2013-2014
Visiting Scholar, Faculté de Droit et Science Politique, université Nice Sophia Antipolis, France, 2015
Member of Legal Sciences of Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, since 2015
Member (2015-2018), Vice-President (2017-2018) of the United Nations Human Rights Committee, Geneva, Switzerland
Distinguished Visiting Professor — Mercator Fellow at the Faculty of Law, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, 2016-2017
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 12 July 2018.

Gilberto Felici San Marino Judge

Born on 15 June 1972 in San Marino

LL.B, Faculty of Law, University of Urbino, Italy, 1996
Assistant lawyer and notary, 1998
Notary, 1998-1999
Lecturer assistant, Institute of History and Philosophy of Law, University of Urbino, Italy, 1998-2001
Judicial auditor (uditore giudiziario) in civil, criminal and procedural law, Tribunal of San Marino, 1999-2003
First instance single Judge, Tribunal of San Marino, 2003-2018
Member of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), Council of Europe, 2003-2018
Member of various committees set up by Government and Parliament, 2004-2013
Lecturer on Human Rights and International Law, High School Sant’Anna-Istituto universitario, Pisa, Italy, 2008
Member of the Scientific Committee of Istituto Giuridico Sammarinese and lecturer, University of San Marino, 2010
Deputy Director of the School of Specialisation in Sammarinese Law organized by Istituto Giuridico Sammarinese and the University of Urbino, Italy, 2014
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 26 September 2018.

Arnfinn Bårdsen Norway Section President

Born on 11 June 1966 in Stavanger, Norway

Cand. jur., Faculty of Law, University of Bergen, 1992
Assistant professor, associate professor and post-doc fellow, University of Bergen, 1992-2003
Assistant Judge, Jæren District Court, 1994-1995
Dr. jur., Faculty of Law, University of Bergen, 1999
Visiting fellow, European University Institute, Florence, spring 2002
Judge, president of Section and acting chief president at Gulating Court of Appeal, 2003-2008
Justice at the Norwegian Supreme Court, 2008-2018
Editor-in-chief, Norwegian Law Commentary, 2010-2022
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 January 2019
President of Section since 1 November 2022.

Darian Pavli Albania Judge

Born on 7 April 1975 in Vlora, Albania

Bachelor of Laws, Faculty of Law, University of Tirana, 1993-1997
Master of Laws (LL.M.), Central European University, Budapest, Hungary, 1997-1998
Senior Attorney, Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Tirana, 1998-2000
Adjunct lecturer of constitutional law, University of Tirana, 1998 – 2000
Master of Laws (LL.M.), New York University Law School, United States of America, 2000-2001
Researcher on human rights situation in Southeast Europe, Human Rights Watch, 2001-2003
Senior Attorney, practice of international human rights law before major international courts and mechanisms, Open Society Justice Initiative, 2003-2015
Member of the drafting group of the Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents, 2006-2008
Member of the drafting group of the Right to Information Model Law for the Organisation of American States, 2010
Lead drafter of the Albanian defamation law reforms (Criminal Code and Civil Code), 2012
Advisor, Special Parliamentary Committee on Justice Reform, Parliament of Albania, 2015-2016
Expert on human rights law and policy for the Council of Europe and other international organisations, Tirana, 2017-2018
Senior expert for a European Union project on the consolidation of the Justice System in Albania, 2018
Member of the Council of Europe’s Committee of Experts on Quality Journalism in the Digital Age (MSI-JOQ), 2018
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 7 January 2019.

Erik Wennerström Sweden Judge

Born on 25 August 1962 in Västanfors, Sweden

Lecturer, public law, Uppsala University, 1987-1990
Master of Laws, Uppsala University, 1988
First Secretary Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Department for International Law, diplomatic training, 1990-1991
Political and Legal Affairs Officer, Permanent Mission of Sweden, Geneva, Switzerland, 1991-1994
Head of Consular Section, Political Affairs Officer, Swedish Embassy, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1994-1996
European Commission official responsible for judicial cooperation in criminal matters, Brussels, Belgium, 1996-2000
Director for International Relations and EU-Affairs Ministry of Justice, 2000-2004
Director, Head of International Law Enforcement Affairs, Ministry of Justice and Interior, 2005-2007
Doctor of Laws; international law, EU law and legal jurisprudence, Uppsala University, 2007
Member of the governing assembly of the International Criminal Court (ICC), 2007-2012
Principal Legal Adviser on International Law, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2007-2012
Member, Board of Editors, Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 2008
Observer of the Council of Europe Committee of Legal Advisers on Public International Law (CAHDI), 2010-2013
Director-General, National Council for Crime Prevention, Ministry of Justice, 2012
Board Member, International Advisory Board of the European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI), Helsinki, 2012
Board Member, International Advisory Board for Evidence Based Policing/Police Executive Programme, Cambridge University, 2012
Council Member, Scandinavian Research Council for Criminology, 2015
Management Board Member, European Union Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA), Vienna, Austria, 2017
Advisory Board Member, Swedish Gender Equality Agency, 2018
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 April 2019.

Raffaele Sabato Italy Judge

Born on 1 October 1960 in Castellammare di Stabia, Naples, Italy

Master’s degree in Law, University of Naples, 1983
Admitted to the Bar, session of 1985
Official of the Banking Supervision Authority, Bank of Italy, 1985-1991
MCJ degree (Master of Comparative Jurisprudence), Law School, University of Texas, Austin, United States of America, 1987
Graduate degree in Political Science, University of Macerata, Italy, 1988
Post-Graduate degree in Commercial Law, University Federico II, Naples, 1991
Expert at the Chair of Private Law, University Federico II, Naples, since 1991
Judge, Tribunal of Naples, 1991-2012
Cooperation with Italy’s High Council for the Judiciary (CSM) in the field of initial and permanent training of judges (1996-2012), and Member of its Scientific Committee for Judicial Training (1998-2001)
Judicial expert in a number of programmes of multilateral international co-operation, 1999-2019
Member (2000-2018), Vice-President (2004-2005), President (2006-2007) of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) within the Council of Europe, Strasbourg
Visiting scholar at the Post-Graduate Course “EU Law: the protection of rights”, University Federico II, Naples, since 2006
Member (2012-2019), Member of the Executive Committee (2017-2019), European Law Institute (ELI), Vienna, Austria
Member of the Board of Directors of the Italian School for the Judiciary, 2012-2015
Justice, Civil Chamber specialising in Tax Law, (2012-2016), Civil Chamber specialising in Property, Wills, Contracts and Supervision on Professionals and Financial Activities (2016-2019), Supreme Court of Cassation, Rome
Contact Person within the Italian judiciary for the EU Commission, 2013-2019
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 5 May 2019.

Saadet Yüksel Türkiye Judge

Born on 7 December 1983 in Istanbul, Türkiye

Legal Trainee, Istanbul Bar Association, 2004-2005
Member of the Istanbul Bar Association, since 2005
Certificate, International Law Institute, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America, 2005
Legal Consultant, Attorney at Law, Istanbul, 2005-2019
Master of Laws in European Union Law, Faculty of Law, University of Istanbul, 2006
Teaching and Research Assistant, Constitutional Law Department, Faculty of Law, University of Istanbul, 2006-2012
Member, Constitutional Law Department, Faculty of Law, University of Istanbul, 2006-2019
Visiting Researcher, Georgetown University Law School, Washington DC, United States of America, 2009-2010
LL.M, Harvard Law School, Cambridge MA, United States of America, 2011
Ph.D in Law, Faculty of Law, University of Istanbul, 2012
Assistant Professor, Constitutional Law Department, Faculty of Law, University of Istanbul, 2012-2017
Member of the Board of Directors, Faculty of Law, University of Istanbul, 2013-2019
Member, Faculty of Law, University of Koç, 2013-2019
Visiting Researcher, Harvard Law School, Cambridge MA, United States of America, 2014-2015
Associate Professor, Constitutional Law Department, Faculty of Law, University of Istanbul, 2017-2019
Chair, Constitutional Law Department, Faculty of Law, University of Istanbul, 2017-2019
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 July 2019.

Lorraine Schembri Orland Malta Judge

Born on 21 June 1959, Malta

Parliamentary Correspondent for the Times of Malta, 1977-1986
Doctorate of Laws (LL.D.), University of Malta, 1981
Specialised in family and matrimonial law, including cross border abductions, before Maltese courts, 1982-2012
President, National Council of Women, Malta, 1988-1992
Elected member of the Executive of the Conseil International des Femmes (CIF), 1988-1990
Vice-Chairperson of the Commission for the Advancement of Women, Malta, 1989-1997
Chairperson of the Interdepartmental Action Committee on Violence Against Women, 1990-1992
Member of a drafting Committee entrusted with a comprehensive legal review of the Maltese Constitution and ordinary laws in order to eliminate gender based discrimination, 1991-1993
Advisor on Gender mainstreaming within the public sector, 1991-1995
Expert Advisor to the Commonwealth Secretariat entrusted with the drafting of a Plan of Action on Women and Development for the Commonwealth, 1993-1995
Member of the National Consultative Committee on Bioethics, 2000-2001
Diploma in Canonical Law and Jurisprudence, 1995
Magister Juris in European Law, University of Malta, 1996
Drafter of a Domestic Violence Bill, 2000
Diploma in the Law and Administration of Trusts, 2004
Judge, First Hall, Civil Court of Malta, in its civil and constitutional competence, 2012-2019
Judge Civil Court (Voluntary Jurisdiction) on matters concerning the protection of minors, interdicted and incapacitated persons, Guardianships, Trusts, Foundations and cross border successions, 2015-2018
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 20 September 2019.

Anja Seibert-Fohr Germany Judge

Born on 3 April 1969 in Giessen, Germany

Law degrees, First and Second State exam in law, 1993 and 1996
German Academy of Administrative Sciences, Speyer, Germany, 1994-1995
Master degree in International and Comparative Law, George Washington University, United States of America, 1999
Research Fellow (2000-2008) and Head of the Minerva Research Group (2008-2013), Max-Planck-Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Heidelberg, Germany
Doctor of Juridical Science, George Washington University, 2004
Lecturer in International and Comparative Law, Heidelberg University, 2002-2012
Adjunct Professor, Master of Comparative Law Program of the Universities of Mannheim, Germany, and Adelaide, Australia, 2003-2008
Member of the Academic Founding Committee, International Nuremberg Principles Academy, 2010-2011
Professor of Public Law, International and Comparative Law, Habilitation, Venia legend from the University of Heidelberg, 2012
Chair in International Law and Human Rights Law (2013-2016) and Director of the Institute for Public International Law and European Law (2014-2016), University of Göttingen, Germany
Member (2013-2018), Vice-Chair (2015-2017) of the UN-Human Rights Committee
Chair in Public Law, International Law and Human Rights Law and Director of the Institute for Constitutional Law, Constitutional Theory and Philosophy of Law, University of Heidelberg, Faculty of Law, 2016-2019
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 January 2020.

Peeter Roosma Estonia Judge

Born on 9 December 1972, in Tartu, Estonia

B.A. in Law, University of Tartu, 1995
Consultant to the Administrative Law Chamber of the Supreme Court of Estonia, 1995-1996
LL.M. in Comparative Constitutional Law, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary, 1997
Adviser to the Constitutional Review Chamber of the Supreme Court of Estonia, 1997-2004
Assistant lecturer, University of Tartu, 1998-2003
Member of the Council of Europe Venice Commission (European Commission for Democracy through Law), 2000-2004
Lawyer of the Registry of the European Court of Human Rights, 2004-2016
Ad hoc Judge at the European Court of Human Rights, 2016-2019
Judge (2016-2019) at the Supreme Court of Estonia: member of the Criminal Law Chamber (2016-2019), member of the Judges’ Disciplinary Chamber (2017-2019), member of the Constitutional Review Chamber (2018-2019)
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 4 January 2020.

Ana Maria Guerra Martins Portugal Judge

Born on 22 July 1963 in Lisbon, Portugal

Law degree, 1986
Extensive studies in European community law, 1987
University assistant, Law Faculty, Lisbon University, 1989-2000
Master in community law, 1993
Guest researcher at the Max-Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law of Heidelberg, Germany, 1997-1999
Professor of international human rights law, 1999-2020
Doctorate (PhD) in public law, 2000
Junior lecturer, Law Faculty, Lisbon University, 2000-2006
Jurisconsult in the field of public law, 2000-2007 and 2016-2020
Guest Professor, Law Faculty Jean Monnet, Paris XI University, 2004
Guest professor at Eduardo Mondlane University in Maputo, Mozambique, 2004-2005
Inspector General of Judicial Services, 2006-2007
Senior lecturer, Law Faculty, Lisbon University, 2006-2011
Judge, Constitutional Court of Portugal, 2007-2016
Associate Professor with accreditation to direct research, Law Faculty, Lisbon University, 2011-2020
Member of the European Commission’s European Network of Legal Experts in Gender Equality and Non-Discrimination, 2016-2020
Guest professor at the IREDIES (Sorbonne Institute of research in international and European law), Law College of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne University, 2019
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 April 2020.

Mattias Guyomar France Judge

Born on 21 July 1968 in Guérande, France

Bachelor’s Degree in Modern Literature, University of Nantes, 1986-1989
Laureate of the Institute of Political Studies (IEP), Paris, 1989-1991
National School of Administration (ENA), 1993-1996
Rapporteur at the Judicial Division of the Conseil d’État, 1996-1999
Lecturer at the IEP (Paris) and the ENA (courses in public and comparative law), 1996-2007
Secretary General of the French Electoral Commission, 1998-2020
Director of the Legal Documentation and Coordination Center of the Conseil d’État, 1999-2002
General Rapporteur at the French Supreme Council for Integration, 1999-2002
Government Commissioner (“advocate general”), then Public Rapporteur at the Administrative Judicial Division and the Jurisdiction Disputes Tribunal, 2002-2011
Associate professor of Public Law, University Paris-Sud XI, Faculty Jean Monnet, 2004-2012
Member of the 6^th Chamber then the 10^th Section of the Judicial Division of the Conseil d’État, 2011-2016
Urgent-applications judge at the Conseil d’État, 2011-2020
General Rapporteur of the Superior Commission on Codification, 2012-2020
Associate professor of Public Law, University Paris 2 — Panthéon — Assas, since 2012
Member of the selection panel for senior lecturers in public law, 2013-2014
Member of Comparative Legislation Society, 2013-2020
Secretary General of the French Institute of Administrative Science, 2013-2020
Member of the French list of ad hoc judges appointed to the European Court of Human Rights, 2013-2020
The Conseil d’État’s Focal Point for the ECHR Superior Courts Network, 2015-2020
President of the 10^th Chamber of the Judicial Division of the Conseil d’État, 2016-2020
Member of European Public Law Organisation (EPLO), 2016-2020
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 22 June 2020.

Ioannis Ktistakis Greece Judge

Born on 3 January 1971, in Thebes, Greece

Law Degree, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece, 1993
Master’s degree in Political Science, Institute of Political Sciences, University Robert Schuman, Strasbourg, France, 1995
Master’s degree in Legal Theory, European Academy of Legal Theory, Catholic University of Brussels and Universities faculties Saint-Louis, Brussels, Belgium, 1996
PhD in Law, University of Athens, 2003
Member of the Thebes and, then, of the Athens Bar Associations, 1995-2021
Lawyer at the Court of Cassation and at the Council of State, 2004-2021
Associate Professor Dr., Faculty of Law, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, 2007-2021
Assistant Professor Dr., Faculty of Political Science and International Relations, Bosphorus University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2012-2015
Lecturer, Greek National School for the Judiciary, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2013-2018
Substitute Member of the Greek National Commission for Human Rights, 2004-2006
Member of the Executive Board of European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Intolerance, European Union, 2004-2006
Member of the Greek Equal Treatment Committee, 2005-2006
Substitute Member of the European Commission for the Democracy through Law of the Council of Europe, 2019-2021
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 8 March 2021.

Andreas Zünd Switzerland Judge

Born on 8 February 1957, in Niederwil, Switzerland

Studies in Law, University of Bern, Switzerland, 1978-1982
Law Degree (lic. iur.), University of Bern, 1982
Bar exam, Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, 1984
PhD in Law (Dr. iur.), University of Bern, 1986
Law clerk, Court of Appeal, Canton of Aargau, 1986-1987
Law clerk, Swiss Federal Supreme Court, 1987-1996
Substitute Judge, Court of Appeal, Canton of Aargau, 1989-2002
Military pre-trial Judge, 1993-1998
Substitute Judge, Swiss Federal Supreme Court, 1996-2004
Judge, Court of Appeal, Canton of Aargau, 2002-2004
Judge, Swiss Federal Supreme Court, 2004-2021
Member of the Criminal Law Division, Swiss Federal Supreme Court, 2004-2009
Second Public Law division, Swiss Federal Supreme Court, Member (2009-2021), President (2010-2016)
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 29 March 2021.

Frédéric Krenc Belgium Judge

Born on 11 May 1978, in La Louvière, Belgium

First cycle diploma in law (candidature), Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium, 1996-1998
Degree in Law, Catholic University of Louvain, 1998-2001
Degree in Specialised Studies in European Law, University of Ghent, Belgium, 2002
Lawyer at the Brussels Bar, Belgium, 2002-2021
Revue trimestrielle des droits de l’homme: Member of the editorial board (2004-2006), Secretary to the editorial board (2006-2014), Editor-in-chief (2014-2021), Chair of the Scientific Committee (since 2021)
Secretary General of the Human Rights Institute of the Brussels Bar, 2005-2021
Visiting senior lecturer (maître de conférences invité), Catholic University of Louvain, since 2008
Visiting senior lecturer (maître de conférences invité), University of Liège, Belgium, 2012-2014
Arbitrator, Belgian Court of Arbitration for Sport, 2013-2021
Belgian Expert of the Permanent Delegation of the Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe (CCBE) to the European Court of Human Rights, 2014-2017
Senior lecturer (chargé d’enseignements), Saint-Louis University — Brussels, 2018-2021
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 13 September 2021.

Diana Sârcu Republic of Moldova Judge

Born on 24 June 1976, in Chișinău, Republic of Moldova

Degree in Law, Law Faculty, State University of the Republic of Moldova, Chisinau, 1998
Lecturer at the International Law and Foreign Economic Relations Department, Faculty of Law, State University of Moldova, Chisinau, 1998-2004
Master in Law, Law Faculty, State University of the Republic of Moldova, 2000
Ministry of Justice, Governmental Agent and International Relations General Division, Governmental Agent Section: Main Specialist (2002-2004), Deputy Director (2004), Head of the main Governmental Agent Department (2004-2007), Head of the General Division (2007-2011)
Doctor in International Public Law, Law Faculty, State University of the Republic of Moldova, 2003
Interim Associate Professor at the International Law and Foreign Economic Relations Department, Faculty of Law, State University of Moldova, Chisinau, 2004-2006
European Committee on Legal Co-operation of the Council of Europe: Member (2005-2013), Bureau Member (2009-2013)
Member of the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice, Council of Europe, 2005-2012
University Associate Professor, in particular in the International Law and Foreign Economic Relations Department, Faculty of Law, State University of Moldova, 2006-2020
Postdoctoral studies in Public International Law, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Moldova, 2009-2011
PhD supervisor, since 2010
National Institute of Justice: Trainer in the field of the European Convention on Human Rights and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (since 2012), Director (since 2015)
Member of the Evaluation and Performance of Judges Board of the Superior Council of Magistracy, 2013-2015
Doctor habilitatus in law, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Moldova, 2014
Member of the Doctoral School of Legal Sciences: Faculty of Law, State University of Moldova, specialising in international and European public law (since 2015), University of political and economic studies “Constantin Stere” (since 2017)
HELP Programme of the Council of Europe: Focal point (since 2012), Certified trainer (since 2016)
University Professor, in particular in the International Law and Foreign Economic Relations Department, Faculty of Law, State University of Moldova, since 2020
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 6 December 2021.

Kateřina Šimáčková Czech Republic Judge

Born on 23 October 1966, in Brno, Czech Republic

Master of Law, Faculty of Law, Masaryk University in Brno, 1988
Lecturer, Department of Constitutional Law and Political Science, Faculty of Law, Masaryk University in Brno, 1990-1993, 2001 — 2007
Law clerk, Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Czechoslovakia, 1992
Practising lawyer and litigator, 1994-2009
PhD in Law, Faculty of Law, Masaryk University in Brno, 2007
Assistant professor, Department of Constitutional Law and Political Science, Faculty of Law, Masaryk University in Brno, since 2007
Member, Government Legislative Council of the Czech Republic, 2007-2009
Judge, Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic, 2009-2013
Member, Committee on the selection of judges of the Civil Service Tribunal, Court of Justice of the European Union, 2009-2013
Substitute Member, European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission), Council of Europe, 2010-2021
Member, Examination Committee for the purpose of judicial qualification exams in the area of constitutional law, organisation of justice and organisation of public prosecution, 2010-2021
Judge, Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, 2013-2021
Ad hoc Judge, European Court of Human Rights, 2016-2021
Member, Scientific Board, Faculty of Law, Charles University, Prague, since 2016
Certified trainer of the HELP Programme of the Council of Europe, since 2020
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 13 December 2021.

Davor Derenčinović Croatia Judge

Born on 7 August 1970, in Zagreb, Croatia

Master of Law, Faculty of Law, Zagreb University, 1998
Ph.D. in Law, Faculty of Law, Zagreb University, 2000
Assistant (2002-2006), Associate Professor (2006-2009), Full Professor (2009-2021), Criminal Law Department, Faculty of Law, Zagreb University
Member, Bureau of Committee of Experts on Terrorism, Council of Europe, 2003-2004
Post-doctoral research fellow under the Fulbright program, International Human Rights Law Institute, DePaul University College of Law, Chicago, United States of America, 2004-2005
President, Croatian Association for Criminal Law and Practice, 2008-2011
Head of Postgraduate Studies in Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, Zagreb University, 2009-2018
Member (2009-2012), Vice-President (2017-2019), President (2019-2021), Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA), Council of Europe
Founder and Director, International postgraduate course “Crime Prevention through Criminal Law and Security Studies”, Interuniversity Centre Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2009-2021
Associate, Judicial Academy, 2010-2021
Ad hoc Judge, European Court of Human Rights, 2010-2021
Head, Criminal Law Department, Faculty of Law, Zagreb University, 2011-2021
Member (2012-2019),Vice-President (2012-2015), State Attorney’s Council
Member, National Preventive Mechanism for the Prevention of Torture, 2012-2014
Legal expert, arbitration proceedings before the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, World Bank, Washington, United States of America, 2014-2017
Vice-Dean, International Cooperation and Science, Faculty of Law, Zagreb University, 2015-2017
Foreign Director, Research Centre for European Criminal Law, Institute of Law of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Shanghai, China, 2016-2019
President, Society of University Teachers and other Scholars, Zagreb, 2017-2021
President, Croatian Academy of Legal Sciences, 2018-2021
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 2 January 2022.

Mykola Gnatovskyy Ukraine Judge

Born on 1 July 1977, in Kyiv, Ukraine

LLM in International Law (1999), English interpreter (1999), Institute of International Relations, Taras Shevchenko National University, Kyiv
PhD. in International Law, Institute of International Relations, Taras Shevchenko National University, 2002
Expert on International Humanitarian Law/Academic Partner, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 2002-2022
Assistant Professor of Comparative Law, Institute of International Relations, Taras Shevchenko National University, 2002-2003
Assistant Professor of International Law, Institute of International Relations, Taras Shevchenko National University, 2003-2007
Associate Professor at the Department of International Law, Institute of International Relations, Taras Shevchenko National University, 2007-2022
Deputy Director for Academic Affairs, Institute of International Relations, Taras Shevchenko National University, 2008-2010
Member (2009-2021), Vice-President (2013-2015), President (2015-2021) of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), Council of Europe
Diploma of Associate Professor (Docent) of International Law, 2011
Member of the Editorial Board of the International Review of the Red Cross, 2011-2015
Professor-in-Charge, International Litigation Programme, Institute of International Relations, Taras Shevchenko National University, 2013-2022
Senior Legal and Constitutional Advisor for Ukraine, Democracy Reporting International, 2014-2020
Visiting Professor at the Ukrainian Catholic University, Lviv, Human Rights Law Master’s Programme, 2017-2020
Member of Ukraine’s National Commission for the Implementation of International Humanitarian Law, 2015-2022
First Vice-President of the Ukrainian Association of International Law, 2017-2022
Member of the International Expert Board on Crimes Committed during Armed Conflict, Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine, 2021-2022
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 27 June 2022.

Oddný Mjöll Arnardóttir Iceland Judge

Born on 16 January 1970, in Reykjavík, Iceland

Cand. Jur. (combined B.A. and master’s degree in law), the University of Iceland, 1994
Practising lawyer (1994-1995) and attorney at law in Iceland (1995-1996, 2002-2006)
Adjunct Lecturer at Bifröst University, 1999-2000
Lecturer at the Icelandic Bar Admissions Program, 2000-2018
Director of the University of Iceland Human Rights Institute, 2001
Ph.D. in Jurisprudence, University of Edinburgh, 2002
Member of the Icelandic Bar Association Law Commission, 2003-2005
Member of the Icelandic National Bioethics Committee, 2003-2006
Lecturer and Professor of Human Rights law at Reykjavík University, 2005-2012
Member (2007), Vice-Chairperson (2008-2010) and Chairperson of the Executive Board of the Icelandic Human Rights Centre (2010-2012)
Professor and Research Professor of Human Rights Law at the University of Iceland, 2012-2023
Member of the Group of Experts appointed to prepare a Constitutional Bill based on the work of the Icelandic Constitutional Council, 2012
Chairperson of the Board of the University of Iceland Human Rights Institute, 2013-2017
Ad hoc Judge at the European Court of Human Rights, 2014-2023
Vice-Chairperson of the Icelandic Immigration and Asylum Appeals Board, 2015
Chairperson of the Advisory Committee on Registered Religious or Belief Associations in Iceland, 2015-2018
Judge at the Icelandic Court of Appeals, 2017-2023
Ad hoc Judge at the Icelandic Supreme Court, 2018
Judge at the Icelandic Court on Reopening of Judicial Proceedings, 2021-2023
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 15 March 2023.

Anne Louise Bormann Denmark Judge

Источник

Courtroom of the European Court of Human Rights (detail).

The European Court of Human Rights is an international tribunal established for enforcement of the European Convention on Human Rights. It is an organ of the Council of Europe and judges are elected to the Court by the Council’s Parliamentary Assembly in respect of each Member State. However, they do not represent the state, as they hear cases as individuals. Judges of the Court as of 8 April 2020^[1] are, in order of precedence:

Name	Country	Position^[2]	Term began	Term ends^[3]
Síofra O’Leary	Ireland	President	2 July 2015	2 July 2024
Jón Fríðrik Kjølbro [fo]	Denmark	Vice-President	1 April 2014	1 April 2023
Yonko Grozev	Bulgaria	Section President	13 April 2015	13 April 2024
Georges Ravarani [lb]	Luxembourg	Section President	1 November 2015	1 November 2024
Marko Bošnjak	Slovenia	Section President	30 May 2017	30 May 2025
Krzysztof Wojtyczek [fr]	Poland	Judge	1 November 2012	1 November 2021
Faris Vehabović	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Judge	3 December 2012	2 December 2021
Egidijus Kūris	Lithuania	Judge	1 November 2013	1 November 2022
Iulia Motoc	Romania	Judge	18 December 2013	18 December 2022
Branko Lubarda	Serbia	Judge	13 April 2015	13 April 2024
Carlo Ranzoni	Liechtenstein	Judge	1 November 2013	20 September 2024
Mārtiņš Mits [nl]	Latvia	Judge	3 September 2015	3 September 2024
Armen Harutyunyan	Armenia	Judge	17 September 2015	17 September 2024
Stéphanie Mourou-Vikström	Monaco	Judge	17 September 2015	17 September 2024
Gabriele Kucsko-Stadlmayer	Austria	Judge	1 November 2015	1 November 2024
Pere Pastor Vilanova	Andorra	Judge	1 November 2015	1 November 2024
Alena Poláčková	Slovakia	Judge	29 December 2015	29 December 2024
Pauliine Koskelo	Finland	Judge	1 January 2016	1 January 2025
Georgios Serghides [nl]	Cyprus	Judge	18 April 2016	18 April 2025
Tim Eicke	United Kingdom	Judge	12 September 2016	12 September 2025
Lətif Hüseynov	Azerbaijan	Judge	4 January 2017	4 January 2026
Jovan Ilievski	North Macedonia	Judge	1 February 2017	1 February 2026
Jolien Schukking [nl]	Netherlands	Judge	3 April 2017	3 April 2026
Péter Paczolay [hu]	Hungary	Judge	24 April 2017	24 April 2026
Lado Chanturia	Georgia	Judge	8 January 2018	8 January 2027
María Elósegui	Spain	Judge	15 March 2018	15 March 2027
Ivana Jelić	Montenegro	Judge	12 July 2018	12 July 2027
Gilberto Felici	San Marino	Judge	26 September 2018	26 September 2027
Arnfinn Bårdsen	Norway	Judge	1 January 2019	1 January 2028
Darian Pavli	Albania	Judge	7 January 2019	7 January 2028
Erik Wennerström	Sweden	Judge	1 April 2019	1 April 2028
Raffaele Sabato	Italy	Judge	5 May 2019	5 May 2028
Saadet Yüksel	Turkey	Judge	1 July 2019	July 1, 2028
Lorraine Schembri Orland	Malta	Judge	20 September 2019	20 September 2028
Anja Seibert-Fohr	Germany	Judge	1 January 2020	1 January 2029
Peeter Roosma	Estonia	Judge	4 January 2020	4 January 2029
Ana Maria Guerra Martins	Portugal	Judge	1 April 2020	1 April 2029
Mattias Guyomar	France	Judge	22 June 2020	22 June 2029
Ioannis Ktistakis	Greece	Judge	8 March 2021	8 March 2030
Andreas Zünd	Switzerland	Judge	29 March 2021	29 March 2030
Frédéric Krenc	Belgium	Judge	13 September 2021	13 September 2030
Diana Sârcu	Moldova	Judge	6 December 2021	6 December 2030
Kateřina Šimáčková	Czechia	Judge	13 December 2021	13 December 2030
Davor Derenčinović	Croatia	Judge	2 January 2022	2 January 2031
Mykola Gnatovskyy	Ukraine	Judge	27 June 2022	27 June 2031
Marialena Tsirli	Greece	Registrar	2020
Abel Campos	Portugal	Deputy Registrar	2020

Sections[edit]

The Court is divided into five Sections, to which each of the judges is randomly assigned.^[4]

Notes[edit]

^ «Composition of the ECHR — Judges, Sections, Grand Chamber». www.echr.coe.int. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ «Composition of the Court». European Court of Human Rights. Retrieved 1 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ «Procedure for electing judges to the European Court of Human Rights» (PDF). Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 9 February 2011. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
^ «Composition of the Sections». European Court of Human Rights. Retrieved 19 February 2014.

v t e Council of Europe
Institutions	Secretary General Committee of Ministers Parliamentary Assembly Congress Court of Human Rights Commissioner for Human Rights Commission for the Efficiency of Justice Commission against Racism and Intolerance Venice Commission Pompidou Group
Members	Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom
Observers	Canada Holy See Israel Japan Mexico United States EU relations
Former members	Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) Russia (1996–2022) Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)

v t e International human rights organisations and institutions
Types	Human rights group Human rights commission Human rights institutions Truth and reconciliation commission
International institutions	Committee on the Rights of the Child Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities International Criminal Court Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights UN Human Rights Committee UN Human Rights Council UN Security Council
Regional bodies	African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights African Court of Justice European Court of Human Rights European Committee for the Prevention of Torture Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Multi-lateral bodies	European Union Council of Europe Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) Organisation of American States (OAS) UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) International Labour Organization (ILO) World Health Organization (WHO) UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) UN Population Fund (UNFPA) UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) UN Development Programme (UNDP) Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)
Major NGOs	Amnesty International FIDH Human Rights Watch Emergency NGO Human Rights First
ICRC – organization with special status based on Geneva Conventions	International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

Источник

Женщина впервые возглавила Европейский суд по правам человека

Шиофра О’Лири (Фото University College Cork)

Первой в истории Европейского суда по правам человека (ЕСПЧ) женщиной-председателем стала судья Шиофра О’Лири из Ирландии. Она вступит в должность с 1 ноября

Новым председателем Европейского суда по правам человека (ЕСПЧ) избрана судья Шиофра О’Лири из Ирландии — она станет первой женщиной в истории организации на этом посту. Об этом сообщает пресс-служба ЕСПЧ на официальном сайте.

Как сообщают представители ЕСПЧ, 54-летняя Шиофра О’Лири вступит в должность 1 ноября и сменит на этом посту Роберта Спано из Исландии, возглавлявшего ведомство с мая 2020 года. С 2015 года она исполняла обязанности судьи от Ирландии в Европейском суде по правам человека, а в январе 2022-го была назначена вице-председателем ведомства. До работы в ЕСПЧ О’Лири в течение нескольких лет преподавала в европейских университетах.

«Судья О’Лири превосходно служила с момента своего назначения в Европейском суде по правам человека, и ее избрание на пост председателя — свидетельство высокого уважения, которым она пользуется в суде. Тот факт, что первой женщиной на посту главы ЕСПЧ стала именно судья из Ирландии — повод для гордости», — отметил министр иностранных дел Ирландии Саймон Ковени в Twitter.

Европейский суд по правам человека был создан в 1959 году государствами — членами Совета Европы, которые ратифицировали в 1950 году Европейскую конвенцию о защите прав человека и основных свобод, и является международным судебным органом. 15 марта этого года Россия подала заявление о выходе из Совета Европы. 7 июня Госдума приняла два закона, которые позволяют России не исполнять решения ЕСПЧ, принятые после 15 марта. Выплаты компенсаций по постановлениям, вынесенным ранее, будут осуществляться в рублях и на российские счета.

Источник

Европейский Суд по правам человека: структура и состав

Количество судей, входящих в состав Европейского Суда по правам человека равно количеству стран, входящих в состав Совета Европы и ратифицировавших Конвенцию о защите прав человека и основных свобод. Таким образом один судья представляет одно государство, участника Конвенции.

Замечание 1

Судьи не являются представителями государств, а принимают участие в работе Европейского суда не в качестве представителей государств, а в личном. Защита интересов своей страны не должна быть целью работы судьи.

Реорганизация Европейского суда, проведенная в 1998 г. руководящими органами Совета Европы, существенно повлияло на состав суда. Реорганизация была проведена с целью:

сохранить преемственность судебной практики и обеспечить максимально эффективное использование судебного опыта, накопленного в предыдущие периоды;
омолодить судейский состав, поскольку в предыдущем составе большинство судей были старше 70-ти лет или довольно близко к этому возрасту. Новый суд в большинстве своем составлен из судей возрастом 50-60 лет и в меньшей мере судьями, перешагнувшими возраст 60-ти лет.

Замечание 2

Конвенцией не устанавливается нижний возрастной предел для судей в Европейском Суде по правам человека.

сбалансировать гендерное представительство в суде, поскольку в предыдущих составах женщины судьи практически отсутствовали.

Пример 1

Одно из правил, действующих во время выборов судей в Европейском Суде, гласит, что если два претендента на должность, один из которых женщина, набирают во время голосования одинаковое количество голосов, то выбранной на должность считается женщина-судья.

Судьей Европейского Суда может быть выбрано исключительно лицо, выставленное претендентом исключительно государство, членом Совета Европы.

Как правило, судьями избираются граждане государств, представивших их в качестве претендентов, но это правило не носит обязательного характера.

Пример 2

На протяжении 18-ти лет судьей от Лихтенштейна был гражданин Канады – судья Р. Макдональд, а позже гражданин Швейцарии Л.Кафлиш.

Конвенция предусматривает выбор судей Парламентской Ассамблеей Совета Европы большинством голосов сроком на 6 лет с правом переизбрания.

Полномочия судей досрочно прекращаются на основании отставки, то есть ухода по собственному желанию, или освобождения от занимаемой должности. В случае отставки судья подпет соответствующее заявление на имя Председателя суда, а тот, в свою очередь, передает его Генеральному Секретарю Совета Европы. Освобождение судьи от занимаемой должности происходит в случае его несоответствия предъявляемым требованиям.

Европейский Суд по правам человека является абсолютно независимым органом. Исключено вмешательство в его деятельность и деятельность судей, входящих в его состав, со стороны других органов СЕ.

Шестой протокол Генерального соглашения о привилегиях и иммунитете СЕ постановил следующее:

в процессе исполнения своих обязанностей, а также во время перемещений, связанных с выполнением обязанностей, судья, равно ка и его багаж, не может быть задержан или арестован и в вопросах, связанных с таможенным контролем, обладает теми же привилегиями, что и глава дипломатической миссии;
документы, связанные с деятельностью судьи Европейского Суда, неприкосновенны, а официальные переписки судей не могут быть арестованы или подданы цензуре;
с целью обеспечения независимости и свободы слова в процессе исполнения обязанностей судьям предоставлен судебный иммунитет, относящийся ко всему сказанному, написанному или совершенному в процессе исполнения служебных обязанностей. Данный иммунитет действует и после того, как полномочия судьи прекращаются.

Статусом судьи также предусмотрен запрет на осуществление деятельности, несовместимой с принципами независимости и беспристрастности или противоречащих требованиям, вытекающим из полномочий судьи. Запрет распространяется на все время пребывания судьи в должности. Значимым для статуса также является правило старшинства, определяющееся исходя из возраста или времени пребывания в должности. Одно из правил Конвенции предусматривает обязательное участие в деле судьи от страны-представителя, являющейся стороной в рассматриваемом деле. Такая необходимость продиктована тем, что в результате такого рассмотрения Суд непосредственно сталкивается с правовыми нормами данного государства и вопросы, возникающие в процессе рассмотрения дела, лучше всего способен разъяснить именно судья, представляющий эту страну.

Структура Европейского Суда по правам человека

В качестве высшего распорядительного органа Европейского суда выступает пленарное заседание, в состав которого входят все без исключения судьи. Пленарное заседание решает важные организационные вопросы. Судебные функции не относятся к компетенции заседаний. К числу вопросов, обсуждаемых на пленарном заседании, относятся:

выборы руководящего состава суда, в том числе Председателя и его заместителей, а также Председателя Секции. Процесс выбора представляет собой тайное голосование. В случае, если ни один из кандидатов не получил абсолютное большинство голосов, проводится второй тур голосования. Во втором туре производится голосование за двоих кандидатов, получивших наибольшее количество голосов в первом туре. При равенстве голосов выбор производится по принципу старшинства;
вопросы образования судебных секций и утверждения их составов;
выборы руководителя судейского аппарата, именуемого Грефье, а также его заместителей;
утверждение регламента Суда, его толкования и внесение правок и изменений;
принятие решения об освобождения судей от занимаемых должностей на основании дискредитирующих фактов;
иные вопросы, вынесенные на рассмотрение пленарным заседанием Председателем или другими судьями. Пленарное заседание созывается Председателем Суда на основании требования не менее трети судей.

Замечание 3

Решение пленарного заседания является правомочным только в случае, если в заседании принимало участие не меньше 2/3 от состава судей.

Ключевой фигурой Европейского Суда по правам человека является его Председатель. Он обладает широкими компетенциями, в числе которых выделяются:

организационные и управленческие функции, такие как осуществление руководства работой и управление делами Суда;
представительские функции, на пример взаимодействие с органами управления Совета Европы;
судебные функции, которые заключаются в председательствовании на пленарном заседании, заседании Большой Палаты и комитета 5-ти судей. Голос Председателя является определяющим в случаях, когда голоса судей разделяются поровну.

Судебные функции Председателя ЕСПЧ подчиняются принципам коллегиальности, согласно которых рассматриваются решения Суда.

1 апреля 2019 г. новым Председателем Европейского Суда по правам человек был избран представитель от Греции Линос-Александр Сицилианос, занимавший с мая 2017 г. должность вице-президента.

Председатель Европейского Суда выбирается сроком на три года с правом переизбрания путем голосования на Пленарном заседании. Выборы заместителей председателя проводятся по тем же правилам.

Замечание 4

Пребывание судьи в должности Председателя ограничивается сроком его полномочий судьи.

C 2003 г. в Европейском Суде начал функционировать новый орган, именуемый Бюро и созданный с целью содействия Председателю в процессе выполнения обязанностей, связанных с руководством Судом и его подразделениями и улучшения координации работы Секций. На Бюро возложены обязанности по решению административных и внесудебных вопросов, находящихся в компетенции председателя суда и переданных им для рассмотрения Бюро. По результатам рассмотрения вопросов Бюро делает доклад и вносит предложения в процессе пленарного заседания. По результатам совещания Бюро составляется отчет на французском и английском языках и его копии передаются всем судьям.

Важным моментом деятельности Бюро также является выполнение им функций консультационного органа ЕСПЧ в случаях, когда Регламент предполагает предписание практических инструкций по отправлению правосудия.

Конвенция в ст. 26 предполагает создание на определенный срок палат, но в ст. 25 Регламента используется термин «секция». Такое разграничение в наименовании продиктовано необходимостью избегать смешения терминологии, поскольку Конвенцией также предусмотрено образование Комитетов, Палат и Большой палаты. Секции не занимаются непосредственно рассмотрением дел, но из их числа могут формироваться палаты, рассматривающие конкретные дела. Функции непосредственного отправления правосудия, то есть вынесения решений по существу возложены на Палаты и Большую Палату ЕСПЧ.

Замечание 5

Секция в полном составе (11 судей) принимает участие в рассмотрении дела в процессе открытого публичного слушанья.

Секции Суда созданы с целью децентрализации в процессе распределения между судьями наростающего количества дел. Раньше эта функция возлагалась непосредственно на Председателя ЕСПЧ.

Европейский Суд разделен на четыре Секции, представленных равным количеством судей. Секции образуются в процессе пленарного заседания на основании предложения Председателя. Срок полномочий Секций аналогичен сроку полномочий Председателя и составляет 3 года. При создании Секций соблюдается баланс по географическому и гендерному критериям с учетом специфика права стран-участниц. Такое распределение способствует максимально всестороннему рассмотрению дел в каждой из Секций в независимости от того, интересы какого государства при этом подлежат рассмотрению.

Председатели Секций выбираются по общим правилам в процессе пленарного заседания.

Каждое дело, переданное в Секции рассматриваются образованной Палатой в составе 7-ми судей, в число которых входят: председатель, судья, представляющий государство и еще 5 судей из Секции, назначенных председателем. Дела подлежат рассмотрению Палатами в порядке очередности. Также Палатой может быть принято решение о рассмотрении в приоритетном порядке. Если судья, являющийся представителем от государства-участника конвенции не состоит в Секции, то он принимает участие в заседании Палаты на правах полноценного участника, а остальные судьи назначаются стандартным путем председателем Секции. Судьи, не получившие назначения в Палаты, принимают участие в слушании по делу без права голоса. Такие судьи имеют статус запасных и могут заменить судью, который был изначально назначен на это рассмотрение, но отсутствует.

Замечание 6

Европейским Судом практикуется объединение в общее производства нескольких жалоб при условии, что они характеризуются сходностью предмета и в качестве ответчика выступает одно государство. Исходя из возрастающего количества жалоб такая практика, скорее всего, будет более широко применятся и в будущем.

Если в качестве ответчика и заявителя с общими интересами выступают два и более государства ст. 30 Регламента Европейского Суда предусмотрена возможность назначения общего судьи для заседания в Палате в качестве избранного по предложению Председателя. Соответствующее предложение вносится Председателем после ознакомления государств-участников с поданной жалобой в соответствии с требованиями ст. 54. Если соглашение о назначении единого избранного судьи между государствами не достигается, то такой определяется Председателем путем жребия из числа претендентов, поданных государствами-участниками процесса.

Высшей судебной инстанцией ЕСПЧ является Большая Палата, состоящая из 17-ти основных и 3-х запасных судей. На заседаниях Большой Палаты председательствует Председатель или же один из его заместителей. В состав Большой Палаты входят также Председатели Секций или их заместители и другие судьи. Состав суда Большой Палаты избирается жеребьевкой, проводимой Председателем при участии Секретаря. Правила жеребьевки обеспечивают соответствие принципам географической и гендерной сбалансированности и принимают во внимание специфику правовых систем государств – участников процесса. В результате такого подхода обогащается работа Суда, и увеличивает значимость принимаемых решений.

Ст. 30 Конвенции предусмотрена возможность отказа Палатой от своих компетенций в пользу Большой палаты, если дело, рассматриваемое в Палате касается существенных вопросов, связанных с толкованием положений Конвенции или Протоколов или решение рассматриваемых вопросов противоречит постановлениям, которые были вынесены Судом ранее. При этом в состав Большой палаты включаются Члены Палаты, ранее рассматривающей это дело и отказавшейся от своих компетенций. В исключительном случае любая из сторон процесса на протяжении 3-х месяцев после вынесения постановления Палатой имеет право подать письменное ходатайство о передаче рассмотрения дела в Большую Палату. При этом указывается существенный вопрос, касающийся толкования или применения Конвенции и ее Протоколов, или же другой существенной проблемы, требующей рассмотрения в Большой Палате. При рассмотрении подобных дел Большой Палатой в ее состав не входит судья, принимавший участие в совещаниях при первом рассмотрении. Исключением являются Председатель Палаты и судьи – представители государств, участвующих в процессе. Соответствующие прошения рассматриваются Коллегией в составе 5-ти судей. В состав Коллегии входит Председатель Суда и Председатели Секций или заместители. В коллегию не могут входить Председатели и заместители Секций, образовывавших Палату, которая рассматривала это дело ранее и судья – представитель государства, участвующего в процессе или его гражданин.

В соответствии со ст. 44 Конвенции постановления, вынесенные Большой Палатой являются окончательными, а решения Палат приобретают статус окончательных, когда:

сторонами сделано заявление о том, что рассматриваемое дело не будет перенаправлено в Большую Палату;
истек 3-х месячный срок с момента вступления в силу постановления и ни одной из сторон за прошедшее время не было подано прошения о передаче дела в Большую Палату;
прошение о передаче дела на рассмотрение в Большую Палату было отклонено Коллегией.

Окончательные постановления ЕСПЧ носят обязательный характер для выполнения всеми государствами – участниками Конвенции. Контроль за выполнением постановлений возлагается на Комитет Министров. Согласно ст. 44 Конвенции окончательные постановления Европейского суда должны быть опубликованы.

На протяжении года с момента публикации постановления согласно ст. 79 регламента любая из сторон дела может подать прошение в Суд с целью его разъяснения если обнаруживается факт, который на момент вынесения постановления не был/или не мог быть известен Суду, но мог быть решающим при принятии решения. Данное прошение может быть подано стороной, обнаружившей факт, на протяжении 6-ти месяце с момента обнаружения с обязательным подкреплением в виде документов. Рассмотрение такого прошения производится Палатой в ее изначальном составе. Палата может принимать решение об отклонении прошения, если отсутствуют основания для рассмотрения либо удовлетворить прошение и назначить дату повторного рассмотрения с уведомлением другой стороны процесса. В результате рассмотрения прошений Палаты выносят решения в виде постановлений.

Также допускается внесение исправлений в постановление по инициативе Суда или на основании ходатайства одного из участников процесса на протяжении месяца с момента вступления постановления в силу в части технических, арифметических и ошибок другого рода, а также описок.

Решение о количестве комитетов принимается Председателями Суда и Секций. В состав Комитета входят 3 судьи из одной Секции. Комитеты создаются на 12-ти месячный срок. В задачу Комитетов входит решение вопросов приемлемости к рассмотрению жалоб, внесенных в Секцию.

Замечание 7

Комитеты не занимаются рассмотрением жалоб по существу, а лишь проверяют последние на соответствие критериям приемлемости.

Особый статус и функции секретаря в Европейском Суде по правам человека

Эффективная работа ЕСПЧ во многом зависит от организованности и профессиональности его аппарата.

Одной из важнейших функций Секретариата Европейского Суда является судебная. Ее основной отличительной чертой стоит отметить значительную вовлеченность представителей аппарата в процессы рассмотрения дел и принятия решений. Именно ввиду такой специфики руководителя аппарата ЕСПЧ называют Грефье (рус. секретарь). Грефье или его заместители вместе с ведущими сотрудниками аппарата, готовившими дело, принимают участие в судебных заседаниях. Они не обладают правом голоса, но при этом отвечают на вопросы судьи, дают разъяснения по вопросам, касающимся обстоятельств дела, а также в случае возникновения разночтений в документах на английском и французском языках. В процессе подготовки дел к слушаниям служба Грефье фиксирует вопросы, которые они считают самыми важными для принятия решения по делу. Также служба Грефье может заниматься подготовкой первоначального проекта решения по рассматриваемому делу. Ст. 25 Конвенции говорит об использовании Судом помощи референтов. Постановления Суда подписывает Председатель состава судей, рассматривавших дело, а также Грифье или кто-то из его заместителей. Дополнительной значимости Грифье добавляет тот факт, что последний пользуется иммунитетом, аналогичным установленному Протоколом для судей. Грефье избираются на пленарном заседании путем тайного голосования сроком на 5-ть лет с правом на переизбрание. Назначение состава секретариата, в том числе референтов, осуществляет Генеральный секретарь СЕ с согласия Председателя ЕСПЧ или Грефье согласно его поручения.

Замечание 8

Особой функцией Грифье Регламент определяет связи со СМИ. При осуществлении данной функции он обязан «соблюдать требуемую от его должности осмотрительность», выполняя функции посредника при передаче и получении Судом информации по делу, подлежащему рассмотрению.

Значимость должности Секретаря также подчеркнуто в ст.1 Регламента, устанавливающей, что данный термин применим только к Секретарю Суда или Секретарю Секции.

Регламентом установлен ряд требований, предъявляемых к кандидату на должность Секретаря:

кандидат должен соответствовать высочайшим моральным критериям;
обладать необходимыми познаниями в области права, лингвистики и администрирования;
иметь необходимый опыт для выполнения своих обязанностей на занимаемой должности.

Секретарь может быть отстранен от занимаемой должности решением 2/3 голосов судей, принимающих участие в пленарном заседании в случае несоответствия секретарем требованиям, предъявляемым на данной должности.

В случае с избранием Грефье наиболее ярко отслеживается политика ЕСПЧ по сбалансированному представительству полов. Так, в случае, если в процессе голосования кандидаты на должность получают одинаковое количество голосов, приоритетом в назначении пользуется кандидат – женщина и только потом старший по возрасту кандидат.

Состав секретариата ЕСПЧ, в том числе референтов, назначает Генеральный секретарь СЕ с согласия Председателя ЕС или Грефье.

Замечание 9

В настоящее время ведется обсуждение возможности вывода секретариата из подчинения Совету Европы с дальнейшей передачей в прямое подчинение Европейскому Суду.

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